Contemporary Political Ideologies: A Comparative Analysis. Fourteenth Edition

361 Pages·2009·2.19 MB·English

by  Lyman Tower Sargent

Contemporary
Political Ideologies
A Comparative Analysis
Fourteenth Edition
LYMAN TOWER SARGENT
University of Missouri—St. Louis
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
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Contemporary Political © 2009 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning
Ideologies: A Comparative
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Analysis, Fourteenth Edition
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d
To Evan
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d
Contents
ABOUT THE AUTHOR xiii
PREFACE xiv
I INTRODUCTION
1 IDEOLOGIES: WHAT ARE THEY
AND WHY STUDY THEM? 1
Ideology Defi ned 2
Political Philosophy, Political Theory, and Political Ideology 3
Social Movements and Ideologies 4
Ideology and Practice 5
Theories of Ideology 6
The Marxist Approach 6
Ideology as Necessary Illusion 7
Ideology and Culture 8
iv
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CONTENTS v
The “End of Ideology” Debate 9
Ideology and Utopia 10
The Situation Today 10
Do I (You) Have an Ideology? 11
Postmodernism 11
Ideologies to Be Considered 12
Methods of Analysis 13
Reasons for Comparing Ideologies 13
Questions 13
The Social System 15
A Note on Terrorism 17
Suggested Reading 19
II NATIONALISM AND GLOBALIZATION
2 NATIONALISM 23
Defi ning Nationalism 25
Nationalism: Ancient or Modern? 28
Nationalism: Ethnic and Civic 29
Countervailing Tendencies 29
Regionalism 29
Cosmopolitanism/Internationalism 32
Nationalism in the Third World 33
Stages of Development from Colony to Independence 34
Movements for National Liberation 35
New Nations 38
Current Trends 39
Postmodernism/Postcolonialism 40
Secession 40
Nationalist Confl icts 41
Nationalism in the United States 41
Indigenous Peoples 42
Failed States 42
Suggested Reading 43
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vi CONTENTS
3 GLOBALIZATION: AN EMERGING
IDEOLOGY? 48
What Is Globalization? 49
Empire and Empire 51
Immigrants and Refugees 52
Humanitarian Intervention 54
Universal Jurisdiction 55
Is Globalization a New Ideology? 55
Suggested Reading 56
III DEMOCRACY
4 THE PRINCIPLES OF DEMOCRACY 62
Citizen Involvement 63
Elitism 64
Pluralism 65
Corporatism 65
Participatory Democracy 66
Representation 66
The Rule of Law 69
The Electoral System 70
Equality 74
Political Equality 74
Equality before the Law 77
Equality of Opportunity 77
Economic Equality 77
Equality of Respect or Social Equality 78
Freedom, Liberty, and Rights 80
Natural Rights and Civil Rights 80
Types of Liberty 83
Education 89
Current Trends 90
Democratization 90
Civil Society 92
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CONTENTS vii
Group Rights 93
Deliberative Democracy 95
Education Today 96
The Revival of the Initiative, Recall, and Referendum 97
National Security and Civil Liberties 98
Democracy and Politics 99
Suggested Reading 101
5 CAPITALISM, SOCIALISM,
AND DEMOCRACY 108
Democratic Capitalism 109
The Principles of Democratic Capitalism 109
Capitalism and Democracy 112
Criticism of Democratic Capitalism 115
Democratic Socialism 117
The Principles of Democratic Socialism 117
Socialism and Democracy 120
Criticism of Democratic Socialism 121
Market Socialism 122
Developmental Socialism 122
The Third Way 123
Economic Democracy 124
Cooperation 124
Communal Living 125
Current Trends 125
Fordism and Post-Fordism 127
Microfi nance 128
Should All Markets Be Free? 129
Suggested Reading 131
6 CONSERVATISM, LIBERALISM,
AND DEMOCRACY 136
Conservatism 137
Liberalism 140
John Rawls 143
Communitarianism 145
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viii CONTENTS
The Extreme Right 145
Current Trends 147
Contemporary Conservatism in the United States 148
Traditional Conservatism 149
Neoconservatism 149
Contemporary Liberalism in the United States 150
Traditional Liberalism 152
Neoliberalism 152
Suggested Reading 152
IV FEMINISM
7 FEMINISM 159
The Development of Feminism 160
The Personal Is the Political 163
Sexism 164
Socialization 165
Language 166
Religion 166
The Feminist Responses 168
Reform or Liberal Feminism 168
Marxist Feminism 169
Socialist Feminism 169
Transformative Feminism 169
Separatist or Radical Feminism 170
Current Trends 170
Votes for Women 171
Feminism and Legal Theory 172
Multiculturalism 173
Reproductive Rights 174
Third Wave Feminism 175
The Sex Industry 175
Conclusion 176
Suggested Reading 176
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CONTENTS ix
V MARXISM AND ANARCHISM
8 MARXISM 181
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels 182
Alienation: The Young Marx 182
Marx’s Critique of Capitalism 183
Materialism 186
The Class Struggle 192
Revolution 193
Dictatorship of the Proletariat 196
Full Communism 198
Alternative Marxist Traditions 199
Eduard Bernstein 200
Rosa Luxemburg 200
Antonio Gramsci 200
György Lukács 201
Anton Pannekoek and Council Communism 201
The Frankfurt School 201
Ernst Bloch 202
Current Trends 202
The Relevance of Marxism Today 203
Marxism and Globalization 204
Movements away from Marxism 204
Suggested Reading 206
9 ANARCHISM AND LIBERTARIANISM 209
Principles of Anarchism 210
Collectivist Anarchism 212
Individualist Anarchism 214
Anarcho-Capitalism 214
Libertarianism 215
Anarchist Social Thought 216
Current Trends 219
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