Contemporary Linguistic Analysis: An Introduction PDF
Preview Contemporary Linguistic Analysis: An Introduction
Contemporary Linguistic Analysis An Introduction This page intentionally left blank Contemporary Linguistic Analysis An Introduction Eighth Edition Edited by William O’Grady UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA UNIVERSITY OF PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND and John Archibald UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA Toronto Vice-President, CMPS: Gary Bennett Editorial Director: Claudine O’Donnell Acquisitions Editor: Matthew Christian Marketing Manager: Christine Cozens Program Manager: Madhu Ranadive Project Manager: Avinash Chandra and Marissa Lok Developmental Editor: Patti Sayle Production Services: Cenveo® Publishing Services Production Editor: Rachel Stuckey Permissions Project Manager: Erica Mojzes Photo Permissions Research: Dimple Bhorwal, Aptara®, Inc. Text Permissions Research: Phyllis Padula, Aptara®, Inc. Art Director: Alex Li Cover Designer: Alex Li Cover Image: DrAfter123/Digital Vision Vectors/Getty Images Credits and acknowledgments for material borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permis- sion, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within the text. Copyright © 2016, 2012, 2009, 2004, 2000 Pearson Education, Inc. This edition is authorized for sale only in Canada. First and second editions © 1987, 1992 by Copp Clark Pitman Ltd.; third edition © 1996 Copp Clark Ltd. If you purchased this book outside the United States or Canada, you should be aware that it has been imported without the approval of the publisher or the author. Copyright © 2016 Pearson Canada Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Canada Inc., Permissions Department, 26 Prince Andrew Place, Don Mills, Ontario, M3C 2T8, or fax your request to 416-447-3126, or submit a request to Permissions Requests at w ww.pearsoncanada.ca . 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 [EB] Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Contemporary linguistic analysis : an introduction / edited by William O’Grady (University of Hawaii), John Archibald (University of Victoria). — Eighth edition. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-321-83615-1 (pbk.) 1. Linguistic analysis (Linguistics)—Textbooks. I. Archibald, John, 1959-, editor II. O’Grady, William D. (William Delaney), 1952-, editor P126.C66 2015 41 C2014-908032-8 ISBN 978-0-321-83615-1 To the memory of Michael Dobrovolsky, founding co-editor of Contemporary Linguistic Analysis Convinced at once that, in order to break loose from the beaten paths of opinions and systems, it was necessary to proceed in my study of man and society by scientific methods, and in a rigorous manner, I devoted one year to philology and grammar; linguistics, or the natural his- tory of speech, being, of all the sciences, that which best suited the researches which I was about to commence. PIERRE-JOSEPH PROUDHON, W HAT IS PROPERTY ? (1840) Brief Contents Preface x iii About this book x vi List of technical abbreviations x vii 1 L anguage: a preview… 1 2 P honetics: the sounds of language… 14 3 P honology: contrasts and patterns… 56 4 M orphology: the analysis of word structure… 100 5 S yntax: the analysis of sentence structure… 139 6 S emantics: the analysis of meaning… 181 7 The classification of languages… 218 8 Historical linguistics: the study of language change… 249 9 A boriginal languages of Canada… 307 10 First language acquisition… 323 11 Second language acquisition… 361 12 Psycholinguistics: the study of language processing… 391 13 Brain and language… 418 14 Language in social contexts… 439 15 Writing and language… 473 16 www.pearsoncanada.ca/ogrady (Companion Website) Animal communication Glossary 499 Sources 525 Language Index 539 Subject Index 543 vii This page intentionally left blank Contents Preface x iii 3.1 S egments 56 About this book x vi 3.2 S yllables 65 List of technical abbreviations x vii 3.3 F eatures 76 3.4 D erivations and rules 85 1 Language: a preview… 1 Summing up 88 Notes 89 WILLIAM O’GRADY Recommended reading 89 1.1 S pecialization for language 1 Appendix: hints for solving phonology 1.2 A creative system 3 problems 90 1.3 Grammar and linguistic competence 5 Exercises 93 Summing up 11 Notes 12 M orphology: the analysis of Recommended reading 12 4 w ord structure… 100 Exercises 12 WILLIAM O’GRADY VIDEA DE GUZMAN P honetics: the sounds of 2 language… 14 4.1 W ords and word structure 101 4.2 D erivation 107 MICHAEL DOBROVOLSKY 4.3 C ompounding 111 2.1 P honetic transcription 15 4.4 I nflection 115 2.2 The sound-producing system 17 4.5 O ther morphological phenomena 119 2.3 S ound classes 2 0 4.6 M orphophonemics 127 2.4 C onsonant articulation 22 Summing up 128 2.5 M anners of articulation 25 Notes 129 2.6 V owels 34 Recommended reading 129 2.7 P honetic transcription of Canadian Appendix: how to identify morphemes English consonants and vowels 38 in unfamiliar languages 129 2.8 Suprasegmentals 40 Exercises 130 2.9 Speech production 46 S yntax: the analysis of sentence 2.10 O ther vowels and consonants 51 Summing up 52 5 s tructure… 139 Notes 52 5.1 C ategories and structure 140 Recommended reading 52 5.2 C omplement options 150 Exercises 53 5.3 M ove 154 5.4 U niversal Grammar and parametric P honology: contrasts and variation 161 3 patterns… 56 5.5 S ome additional structures 166 WILLIAM O’GRADY Summing up 173 CARRIE DYCK Appendix: how to build tree YVAN ROSE structures 173 EWA CZAYKOWSKA-HIGGINS Using Merge to build simple MICHAEL DOBROVOLSKY phrases 173 ix
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