Contemporary Interventional Ultrasonography in Urology PDF
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Contemporary Interventional Ultrasonography in Urology Contemporary Interventional Ultrasonography in Urology Edited by Osamu Ukimura, MD, PhD Department of Urology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan Inderbir S. Gill, MD, MCh Section of Laparoscopic & Robotic Surgery, Glickman Urological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA Editors Osamu Ukimura, MD, PhD Inderbir S. Gill, MD, MCh Department of Urology Section of Laparoscopic & Robotic Surgery Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Glickman Urological Institute Kyoto Cleveland Clinic Foundation Japan Cleveland, OH, USA ISBN 978-1-84800-216-6 e-ISBN 978-1-84800-217-3 DOI 10.1007/978-1-84800-217-3 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Library of Congress Control Number: 2008939890 © Springer-Verlag London Limited 2009 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product liability: The publisher can give no guarantee for information about drug dosage and application thereof contained in this book. In every individual case the respective user must check its accuracy by consulting other pharmaceutical literature. Printed on acid-free paper Springer Science + Business Media springer.com Foreword Ultrasonography has evolved from a branch of acoustics that identified authors having expertise not only in intraoperative deals with the study and use of sound waves to an important ultrasound but also in other applications such as therapeutics clinical modality in assessing varied structures and organ and intervention. systems throughout the body. Much of the work began in the Ultrasound has been useful not only in identifying abnor- 1940s after World War II by examining intracranial abnormal- malities such as stones or tumors in kidneys but also in ities, and later intrathoracic and intra-abdominal structures. monitoring therapies such as stone removal and renal tumor The quality of images gradually improved with the develop- ablation, in assisting in prostate biopsy, and in studying blood ment of gray-scale and real-time imaging, and more recently flow to various structures. Applications such as the use of color and power Doppler studies. Further advancement in ultrasound contrast agents, elastrography, and tissue charac- minimally ablative technology has utilized ultrasonography terization are evolving and are expected to enhance diagnostic to monitor interventional procedures such as renal prostate capabilities. biopsy and ablative therapy of varied malignancies, in addition Many of the studies described in this book have proved to to the development of increasing diagnostic appreciations. be valuable, and the examinations described have become an Intraoperative ultrasonography has been used by general integral part of interventional and therapeutic applications. surgeons in biliary, pancreatic, and vascular surgery and its Other studies are also evolving, and more application by a large role in urology is primarily related to the identification of renal number of investigators is essential to determine their value. It calculi at the time of pyelolithotomy or nephrolithotomy. With is likely that a second edition of this book will be required to the development of lithotripsy and percutaneous renal surgery, provide an up-to-date compilation of these new developments. ultrasound is used in addition to other studies such as com- puter tomography to identify the location and size of renal Martin I. Resnick and ureteral calculi. For this book, Ukimura and Gill have Hiroki Watanabe v Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v 1. Historical Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Hiroki Watanabe 2. Laparoscopic Ultrasonography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Surena F. Matin 3. Ultrasound-Guided Prostate Cryosurgery: State of the Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Gary Onik 4. Recent Advance in TRUS-Guided Prostate Brachytherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Zhouping Wei, Mingyue Ding, Donal B. Downey, and Aaron Fenster 5. IntraOperative Real-Time Transrectal Ultrasound Monitoring During Energy-Free Nerve-Sparing Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Osamu Ukimura and Inderbir S. Gill 6. Contemporary TRUS-Guided Prostate Biopsy for Screening and Staging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Kazumi Kamoi and Richard Babaian 7. The Use of High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound in Prostate Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Christian Chaussy and Stefan Thüroff 8. Harmonic Scalpel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 David D. Thiel and Howard N. Winfield 9. Intravascular Ultrasound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Srinivasa Kalidindi, Stephen J. Nicholls, and Steven E. Nissen 10. Ultrasound Application for Penile Disorders: Color Doppler Ultrasound Hemodynamic Evaluation for Erectile Dysfunction and Priapism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Rei K. Chiou, Christopher R. Chiou, and Fleur L. Broughton 11. The Physics of Ultrasound and Some Recent Techniques Used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Gert Karlsson 12. Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound for the Prostate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 N. Wondergem and J.J.M.C.H. de la Rosette 13. Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound of the Kidneys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Patricia Beemster, Pilar Laguna Pes, and Hessel Wijkstra vii viii Contents 14. The Integration of Computed Topography Imaging in Ultrasound Diagnosis: Real-Time Virtual Sonography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Tsuyoshi Mitake and Osamu Arai 15. Elastography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Katharina Koenig 16. Ultrasonic Tissue Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Ulrich Scheipers 17. Augmented Reality for Computer-Assisted Image-Guided Minimally Invasive Urology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Osamu Ukimura and Inderbir S. Gill 18. Robotic Percutaneous Interventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Dan Stoianovici, Bogdan Vigaru, Doru Petrisor, and Pierre Mozer Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Contributors Richard J. Babaian Aaron Fenster Prostate Cancer Detection Clinic, The University of Texas Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, MD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, TX, USA London, ON, Canada Patricia Beemster Inderbir S. Gill Department of Urology, Academic Medical Center, Department of Urology, Glickman Urological Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA Fleur L. Broughton Srinivasa Kalidindi Department of Urology, Creighton University Medical Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Center, Omaha, NE, USA Cleveland, OH, USA Christian Chaussy Kazumi Kamoi Department of Urology, Krankenhaus München-Harlaching, Department of Urology, Kyoto Prefectural University Munich, Germany of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan Christopher R. Chiou Gert Karlsson Department of Urology, Creighton University Medical B-K Medical, Herlev, Denmark Center, Omaha, NE, USA Katharina Koenig Rei K. Chiou Department of Urology, University of Ruhr, Bochum, Germany Department of Urology, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA Pilar Laguna Pes Surgery Unit, Academic Medical Center, University Antonio P. Ciardella, MD of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Health Science Center, Denver, Anne Fung, MD Colorado Pacific Eye Associates, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA Jean J.M.C.H. de la Rosette Department of Urology, Academic Medical Center, Surena F. Matin University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA Mingyue Ding Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, Pierre Mozer London, ON, Canada URobotics Program, Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Donal B. Downey Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, Stephen J. Nicholls London, ON, Canada Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA ix x Contributors Steven E. Nissen Osamu Ukimura Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Department of Urology, Kyoto Prefectural University Cleveland, OH, USA of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan Gary Onik Bogdan Vigaru Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Celebration Health-Florida URobotics Program, Urology Department, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Celebration, FL, USA Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Doru Petrisor Hiroki Watanabe URobotics Program, Urology Department, Johns Hopkins Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Zhouping Wei Ulrich Scheipers Imaging Research Laboratories, Robarts Research Institute, Department of Urology, University of Ruhr, Bochum, London, ON, Canada Germany Hessel Wijkstra Dan Stoianovici Department of Urology, Academic Medical Center, URobotics Program, Urology Department, Johns Hopkins University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Howard N. Winfield David D. Thiel Department of Urology, University of Iowa Department of Urology, University of Iowa Hospitals & Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA Niels Wondergem Stefan Thüroff Department of Urology, Academic Medical Center, Department of Urology, Krankenhaus München-Harlaching, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Munich, Germany Chapter 1 Historical Background Hiroki Watanabe Prologue was completed in safety. I understood that the technique had already been subsumed into everyday routine work. It was a dark evening in the late autumn of 1978. A middle- aged woman was urgently admitted to our hospital in Kyoto The Period of the Central Canal because of anuria for a few days. She had suffered from can- Type Transducer cer of the right ureter and undergone nephro-ureterectomy. The anuria resulted from an obstruction of the contralateral ureter due to a recurrence of bladder tumor. An immediate It is very difficult to determine who made the first applica- catheterization from the left renal pelvis by nephrostomy was tion of interventional ultrasound, because ultrasound pictures indicated. were commonly used as reference images for puncture, even E ven now, senior urologists may remember very well what before the proposal of intervention techniques. Among the a dreadful surgery classic open nephrostomy was. The kidney pioneers, Berlyne1 in England is generally credited as the per- was exposed after a large incision in the back, then a thick son who made the first trial intervention. He performed renal trocar was introduced blindly from the renal surface into the biopsy under the guidance of an A-mode chart recorded by an pelvis, because there was no means of guidance. Heavy bleed- industrial flaw detector in 1961, only a few years after the first ing often occurred. Since this was only a palliative treatment, introduction of ultrasound in medicine. there was a big imbalance between the risks of the invasion In my opinion, however, the history of interventional ultra- and the possible gains. sound should start from the first development of a special A week previously, we had taken delivery of a new machine apparatus designed purely for the puncture guidance. direct from the manufacturer. It was the world’s first mechani- A Danish urologist, Hans Herik Holm 2 (Fig. 1 .1) , and an cal sector scanner with a special attachment, which we had American radiologist, Barry B. Goldberg3 (Fig. 1 .2 ), indepen- designed originally for real-time puncture guidance. After dently published the same idea of a “central canal” type trans- intense discussion among the staff of the risks involved, we ducer in the same month in different journals in 1972 (Figs. made up our minds to introduce the machine in this case. 1.3 and 1.4 ). Both transducers were designed to be attached to None of us had yet used it, and only a few foreign reports on a “contact compound” B-mode scanner, which was the stan- the procedure were available at the time, which was named dard procedure for sonography at that time, to target the site later as percutaneous direct nephrostomy. by a needle inserted through the central canal of it. T he patient was moved to the operating theater for general H olm’s group pioneered puncture to various organs with anesthesia. The scanner was positioned on her back, and a their transducer: the liver, pancreas, kidney, uterus, and so on. clear image of the hydronephrotic renal pelvis appeared on the They used the term “ultrasonically guided puncture” for the oscilloscope. All the staff member of our department gathered procedure. On the other hand, Goldberg focused the object and watched the operation, praying to God for success. At the mainly on the aspiration of various fluids from within the body. first shot, puncture to the pelvis was achieved very easily and “Ultrasound-aided needling” was his favorite term. However, a catheter was placed correctly in a few minutes. Everybody a new term, “interventional ultrasound,” which was derived was amazed and felt that this was a real innovation. from basic radiology terminology, has gradually become gen- Only several months later, I found incidentally a young eral at the international level since the 1980s, because this resident carrying out the same interventional operation at the describes the technique compactly and sounds harmonious. bedside under local anesthesia. He was never nervous but was Though it is accepted that these two groups opened up the pos- smiling, joking with the patient. Of course all the procedure sibilities of ultrasound intervention, their idea of the transducer O. Ukimura and I.S. Gill (eds.), Contemporary Interventional Ultrasonography in Urology, 1 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-84800-217-3_1, © Springer-Verlag London Limited 2009
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