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Contemporary human geography PDF

413 Pages·2016·234.825 MB·English
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Contemporary Human Geography 3e Rubenstein Earth at Night, City Lights The Americas Africa, Europe, and the Middle East These images of Earth at night from NASA’s Suomi-NPP “Marble” series use a collection of satellite-based observations, stitched together in a seamless mosaic of our planet. This view is based on instrumentation that observes light emanating from the ground. Notice how strongly major cities show up in the image. A00_RUBE9016_03_SE_IFC.indd 2 19/03/15 6:35 PM The Americas Africa, Europe, and the Middle East Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) NASA/GSFC A00_RUBE9016_03_SE_IFC.indd 3 19/03/15 6:35 PM 4 Contents So Many Options for Your Human Geography Class! Students today want options when it comes to their textbooks. Contemporary Human Geography gives students the flexibility they desire, offering a wide range of formats for the book, and a large array of media and online learning resources. Find a version of the book that works best for YOU! Whether it’s on a laptop, tablet, smartphone, or other wired mobile devices, Contemporary Human Geography lets students access media and other tools for learning human geography. CONtEMpOrarY HuMaN GEOGrapHY pLuS MaStEriNGGEOGrapHY witH etEXt ISBN 0-134-00122-2/978-0-134-00122-7 Available at no additional charge with MasteringGeography, the Pearson eText version of Contemporary Human Geography, 3rd Edition gives students access to the text whenever and wherever they are online. CONtEMpOrarY HuMaN GEOGrapHY Features of Pearson eText: bOOkS à La CartE • Now available on smartphones and tablets. ISBN 0-134-00117-6/978-0-134-00117-3 • Seamlessly integrated videos and other rich media. Books à la Carte features the same exact content as • Fully accessible (screen-reader ready). Contemporary Human Geography in a convenient, • Configurable reading settings, including resizable threehole-punched, binder-ready, loose-leaf version. Books type and night reading mode. à la Carte offers a great value for students—this format • Instructor and student note-taking, highlighting, costs 35% less than a new textbook package. bookmarking, and search. pEarSON CuStOM LibrarY: YOu CrEatE CONtEMpOrarY HuMaN GEOGrapHY YOur pErfECt tEXt COurSESMart etEXtbOOk http://www.pearsoncustomlibrary.com ISBN 0-134-01591-6/978-0-134-01591-0 Contemporary Human Geography is available on the CourseSmart eTextbooks are an alternative to purchasing Pearson Custom Library, allowing instructors to create the the print textbook, where students can subscribe to the perfect text for their courses. Select the chapters you need, same content online and save up the 40% off the suggested in the sequence you want. Delete chapters you don’t use: list price of the print text. students pay only for the materials chosen. MaStEriNGGEOGrapHY StudENt StudY arEa No matter the format, with each new copy of the text, students will receive full access to the Study Area in , providing a wealth of Interactive Tutorials, Videos, Interactive Maps, Animations, In the News readings, Flashcards, practice quizzes, and much more. A00_RUBE9016_03_SE_IFC.indd 4 19/03/15 6:35 PM A Contemporary Approach Contemporary Human Geography is a highly visual, modular springboard into essential human and cultural geography concepts, designed for the modern student. A01_RUBE9016_03_SE_FM.indd 1 26/11/14 5:30 PM A Brief, Modular Introduction The modular organization consists of self-contained two-page spreads, a clear presentation of core concepts and data that give the instructor flexibility when assigning material to students. 2.1 KEY ISSUE 1 Where are people distributed? Chapter 2 Population and Health Population Concentrations 2.1.1.a EUROPE 2.1.1b EAST ASIA Europe includes four dozen countries, ranging from Nearly one-fourth of the world’s people live in East Asia. The region, bordering Monaco, with 1 square kilometer (0.7 square miles) and the Pacifi c Ocean, includes eastern China, the islands of Japan, the Korean a population of 33,000, to Russia, the world’s largest peninsula, and the island of Taiwan. The People’s Republic of China is the • Two-thirds of the world’s inhabitants are clustered in four regions. country in land area when its Asian part is included. world’s most populous country and the fourth-largest country in land area. The • Regions with harsh environments have relatively low populations. In contrast to the three Asian concentrations, three- Chinese population is clustered near the Pacifi c Coast and in several fertile river fourths of Europe’s inhabitants live in cities, and fewer valleys that extend inland, though much of China’s interior is sparsely inhabited Human beings are not distributed 2 2.1.1 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION than 10 percent are farmers. The highest population mountains and deserts. More than one-half of the people live in rural areas, uniformly across Earth’s surface. World TEwasot -Athsiiard, Ss oouf tthh eA swiao, rSldo’us tinhheaasbti tAasniats, alinved iEnu frooupre r e(sgeieo ns— ccoonalcfi eenldtrsa otifo Gnes rimn Eaunryo apned a Bree lngeiuamr t,h aes mwaejlol ar sr ihveisrtso arincd wJahpearnee tshee ayn wdo Krok raesa nfasr maree rcsl. uInst sehreadrp i nc ounrbtraanst a, rmeaosr ea nthda wn othrkre aet -ifnoduurtshtrsi aol fo arl l maps depict this distribution in several Figures 2.1.1a, 2.1.1b, 2.1.1c, and 2.1.1d). In addition to these capital cities such as London and Paris. service jobs. ways: four regions, the largest population concentrations are in 2.1.1c SOUTH ASIA • Population concentrations. Two-thirds eastern North America and western Africa. Nearly one-fourth of the world’s people live in South Asia, orefg tihoen ws—orEldas’st iAnhsiaab, Sitoauntths lAivseia i,n S foouutrh east Pkielorsm1o,n0e0ste 0pr eanr dsq aubaorvee 8800°° 116600AA°°RRCCTTIICC1144 OO00°°CCEEAANN112200°° 110000°° 8800°° 6600°° 4400°° 2200°° 00°° 2200°° 4400°° 6600°° 8800°° 110000°° 112200°°AARRCCTT11II44CC00 °°OOCCEEAA1166NN00°° 118800°° wSAwSSArrrsshhiiiii aaLLLiicc aaallhhiinnnvv kkkiieennaaasscc... aallTTTuullhhhooddeeennee gglllssaaa IIrrraannggg 11ddeee,,iisss55aattt00,, ccc0P0Poooaa--kknnnkkiiiicccllssooeeettmmaannnnnttteerrr,, aaattBBeetttaaiiirrooo nn((nnn99gg 00lloooaa00fffdd-- pppmmeeeeessiihhooollee,,ppp ))aa lllcceeennoo ddwwwrr rrttiiiiittthhddhhheeooiiin nn rrii ss ffSSSllrraaooooonnmmuuuddttt hhhoo ff Asia, and Europe (Figure 2.1.1). The four 250–999 Lahore, Pakistan, through India and Bangladesh to population concentrations occupy 25–249 the Bay of Bengal. Much of this area’s population generally low-lying areas, with temperate 51––244 iasn cdo Gncaenngteras treivde arslo. Pnogp tuhlea tpiolani niss aolsf oth hee Ianvdiluys climate and soil suitable for agriculture. below 1 concentrated near India’s two long coastlines— Physical environments that are too dry, the Arabian Sea to the west and the Bay of Bengal to the east. Like the Chinese, most people in South too cold, too wet, or too mountainous Asia are farmers living in rural areas. tend to have fewer inhabitants (Figures • P2.o1p.2u alnatdi o2n.1 .c3a).rtogram. A cartogram 4400113°°6600 °°2.1.2 SPA1144R00°°SELY AATTLLAANNTTIICC 4400°°2A.r1o.1udn SdO 6U00T mHEillAioSnT p AeoSpIAle live in Southeast Asia, depicts the size of countries according to PROEGPIUOLNASTED OOCCEEAANN TTRROOPPIICC OOFF CCAANNCCEERR mthoe sItnlyd ioann aa nsedr iPeasc oifif c is olacnedasn sth. Iantd loien beesitaw, weehnic h 1 2.1.3 POLAR population rather than land area, as is the Humans do not live 2200°° consists of 13,677 islands, is the world’s fourth- REGION case with most maps (Figure 2.1.4). in large numbers PPAACCIIFFIICC most-populous country. The largest population AGnregemnlaagnsdsalik, • Pboe pduivliadteiodn in ctlou ssetevresn. Trehgei ownosr, leda ccahn ieFning cvueirrroetsna im2n. 1ep.n2htays,s 2(isc.1ea.el2 b, 110000°° OOCCEEAANN cbthoyan mtc beoenreltor tanhtgiao ntno 1 its0h 0oe nm P thihlliileoip nisp lpianneedosp oclofe .Jn aStveaaivn,e irhnaihlg aihsbl aitnedds c(Foignutarein 2in.1g.5 a)p. Tphroe xsimmaaltle sliyz e1 obfi ltlihoen A pseiao ple M2.1u.c2hc, oafn tdh e22 ..1l1a..2n2dda ) C.nOeaLrD th LeA NNoDrtSh 00°° AAOOTTLLCCAAEENNAATTNNIICC IIOONNCCDDEEIIAAAANNNN EEQQUUAATTOORR 00°°pcthloueps stueolrauettdiho eanal ocsnotegnrc nsee tnvipter raoatfli otrhinvese ,r Aa vsnaiadlln ep ymosp aauinnldalat ndiodenl, t kiasns a oalwsto n regions shows the large number of the and South poles is perpetually as Indochina. As in China and South Asia, the world’s inhabitants living there. groundc oisv peerermd wanitehn itclye foror ztehne 2200°° TTRROOPPIICC OOFF CCAAPPRRIICCOORRNN 2200°°Shoiguht hpeearscte Anstaiag ceo onfc peenotrpalteio wno isrk cinhgar aasc tfearrimzeedr sb iyn a (permafrost). The polar regions 0 1,500 3,000 Miles rural areas. are unsuitable for planting 0 1,500 3,000 Kilometers KKUUIINNNNGGIITTDDEEOODDMM GGEERRMMAANNYY RRUUSSSSIIAA crsouprsv, iavne dth feew ex atnreimmael sc ocaldn. 4400°° 00°° 2200°° 4400°° 6600°° 4400°° FFRRAANNCCEE 2.1.2d DRY LANDS UUNNMMIIEETTXXEEDDIICC SSOOTTAATTEESS IITTAALLYY EEGGYYPPTTTTUURRKKEEYY IIRRAAPPNNAAKKIISSTTAANN CCHHIINNAA SSKKOOOOUURRTTEEAAHHJJAAPPAANNhhiigghhL llalteeonhvvc2deeea.1 slltess .e2tq oohdbuffa p aWtppt rrrroiEemeercTcc, aemii ppLriiviiaAlttyeyaa N nttvaiiDeooelsrannSoyr,, 8800°° 6600°° 4400°° 2200°° Aaswlauprraergptfaeaersocr p xettoooi.m oDp g auedrtolsraeeywtlry ifot ocs2n rr0go , f aeapplnrstemh ertcorhianeualngltgy t ch c looao sfcuv oEkledm ars rufetehffi e p’ sdce li oaeapnn ldte 8800°° 110000°° 112200°° 1144G00°°REENLAND1166G00°°ERMANY 1188F00IN°°LAND RUSSIA P1IC1noo p 22auu15b.. 11lnc00ea..l0–a4t4toi r9rm woiPP9tne io 5lmOOsl0ig oi wPPlmnrlia oiUUialtmnlnihLLod, n AA apcbTTBBoooRRvIIpuAAOOeunZZNNltIIaLLri teCCTpihrooseAAp nsoaizrRRsetri oo eTT21onf ae 0 mOOldva tcmoehii GGl sinitlrsliaOOp loNNtpRRi1iFFonoolIIDD pan0TTnGGAAu EEiHHysl0EEaMMMMEEetRR i ..omCC dIIRRnAAAAOOSS.EE OOFFNNiPPblRRUU..GGEElIIyiTTTTCCOOoHH HHAAsnIIOOiz TTPPaeAAIIAArNN eoZZ AAfl aNNpbIIAAoepleudla.tion rIIaNNtDDhIIeAAr tBBhAAaNNnGG LLlaAAMMnDDYYdEEAASSTTNN aHHHHMMrAAAAeIILLRRaAAVVII.NNIINN EEDDTTDDNNAAOOMMNNPPHHEEIISSLLIIIIPPAAPPIINNEESS nnuuptcttthshohrrotuiiuaepeeemTmhnes nnuheH ebpdhtltaebqaassoi, ni n mt euntshwffe arrn aodriiooodegatntoceimmuo,pvohh wcreenrisneoud )s rttt,s casp,p hhlao wtyposgae ieef onmivr hdtct rimi sseacaieoeroaooerbuirpneneuliieglllllly. det n ehiaaaTua o ,tat nnnfihg2raaegonteddd.erin s1hrsnl.ia oc .d-2astuaw crsihllen ttp Hili u gatmatuIrthhrGeidsote eeuHier selwld ye p pLe dovsloAsaaeer slttn(tdNesintosi laDbeaeenuradllSseeysr.. scDuwuasromreyvrf lluied3EiaiCavnnllpan’e Lss ht2ct,p dUo otha.ht1rhs hbiiSop . lse5oc aixT ret rfiofte ia e oEPm gtnsan hpRebOurttaeelarsSyretPv e .i eans—reU eladc ysnivoLa. ns1aepinAon tnbttuTtgea aicrIl idablaOnliu lonlst yNsro nie,tm e mstrhoasuleu sc r,c hcsleu iomscf h at thaees. AUSTRALIA GUCCAAOTNMEZSUSCAMETETNOANADAXAIL LEATTRILOCAWEEAIBCOMNDSOADBLPIICAVEHRIAIULECAURVBGAEBENRNAETZZINUIKLAEINLUFAGNRDIATONEMMSDCDOPEEARMION.C RCAESOIPLNTA.AGA TUICNGNELUDOMAYREGRINRMIA OAKAIGLAIELRBIOYAAIABIARLUIBSYSAIIERAGIARYYNAEPMQTSEUKNKEDANMPEAZAYTANAAKHDKIISHAOTGSPATIIAINNANASDNDCIIAACARHTMIHSNBRMANOAAIIE ANLNLLPALAGGAAANNOOLLYMDAKLSSYIADIAAAENCSMHHIINANDRACOHNINEVSAIIEAPTNHNKAISKLOOMOOIPRRURPEJTETIAANHAHPEASN SOUTH AFRICA 36 37 CHG3_CH02_FINAL.indd 4-5 21/11/14 12:12 PM ii A01_RUBE9016_03_SE_FM.indd 2 26/11/14 5:30 PM Visualizing Earth’s People & Places Spectacular visualizations of people, places, and data bring human geography to life through photos, maps, graphs, population pyramids, and charts. Dynamic cartography maps the critical spatial patterns of our human geography. 2,423 Northeast SYRIA RUSSIA 15,897 123 PAKISTAN 19,929 59 153 Midwest 63 213 2.1 KEY ISSUE 1 Where are people distributed? 190 GEORGIA Chapter 2 Population and Health 648 West 478 39 HAITI LIBYA 2,293 Population Concentrations 2.1.1.a EUROPE 2.1.1b EAST ASIA 244 Europe includes four dozen countries, ranging from Nearly one-fourth of the world’s people live in East Asia. The region, bordering Monaco, with 1 square kilometer (0.7 square miles) and the Pacifi c Ocean, includes eastern China, the islands of Japan, the Korean 410 a population of 33,000, to Russia, the world’s largest peninsula, and the island of Taiwan. The People’s Republic of China is the 136 •• TRwegoi-othnisr dwsi tohf hthaers wh oernldvi’sr oinnhmaebnittasn htasv aer ere cllautsivteerley dlo iwn fpooupr urelagtiioonnss.. cIno uconntrtyra inst ltaon dth aer ethar weeh Aensi aitns cAosinacne pnatrrat tiiso innsc, ltuhdreeed-. wChoirnlde’sse m poosptu plaotpiounlo ius sc lcuosutenrterdy anneda rt hthee f oPuacrtifih c-l aCrogaesstt acnodu nint rsye ivne lraanl dfe artrielea .r Tivheer South 321 Y3E,M69E9N Human beings are not distributed 2 2.1.1 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION ftohuanrt h1s0 opfe Eruceronpt ea’sre i nfahrambeitrasn. Ttsh leiv hei ginh ceisttie pso, apnudla fteiowne r vmaolleuynst athinast aenxdte dneds einrltasn. Md,o trheo tuhgahn monuec-hh aolff Cohf itnhae’s p inetoepriloe rl iivse s pina rrsueralyl ainrehaasb, ited Migration flow in thousands 273 310 MALI 844 349 911 uniformly across Earth’s surface. World TEwasot -Athsiiard, Ss oouf tthh eA swiao, rSldo’us tinhheaasbti tAasniats, alinved iEnu frooupre r e(sgeieo ns— ccoonalcfi eenldtrsa otifo Gnes rimn Eaunryo apned a Bree lngeiuamr t,h aes mwaejlol ar sr ihveisrtso arincd wJahpearnee tshee ayn wdo Krok raesa nfasr maree rcsl. uInst sehreadrp i nc ounrbtraanst a, rmeaosr ea nthda wn othrkre aet -ifnoduurtshtrsi aol fo arl l of people, 2012–2013 CÔTE D’IVOIRE 1,541 SSUODUATNH MYANMAR 1,413 mw• aaPypossp: duelaptiicotn t hcios ndcisetnritbrauttiioonn si.n T sweov-etrhairl ds Ffeoiagusurt errerensg 2iNo.1on.r1st,a ht,h A2e.m1 l.a1erbrgi,ce 2as. t1a p.n1odcp, wauneladstt ie2or.n1n . 1cAodfn)r.i ccInea .natdradtiitoionns taore t hine se capital cities such as London and Paris. service jobs. 2N.1e.a1rcl yS oOnUeT-foHu ArtShI oAf the world’s people live in South Asia, 00 1,0001,0002,000 Kilomet2e,r0s00 Miles NIGERIA DEM2.3 R8EP. CONGO THAILAND orefg tihoen ws—orEldas’st iAnhsiaab, Sitoauntths lAivseia i,n S foouutrh east Pkielorsm1o,n0e0ste 0pr eanr dsq aubaorvee 8800°° 116600AA°°RRCCTTIICC1144 OO00°°CCEEAANN112200°° 110000°° 8800°° 6600°° 4400°° 2200°° 00°° 2200°° 4400°° 6600°° 8800°° 110000°° 112200°°AARRCCTT11II44CC00 °°OOCCEEAA1166NN00°° 118800°° wSAwSSArrrsshhiiiii aaLLLiicc aaallhhiinnnvv kkkiieennaaasscc... aallTTTuullhhhooddeeennee gglllssaaa IIrrraannggg 11ddeee,,iisss55aattt00,, ccc00PPoooaa--kknnnkkiiiicccllssooeeettmmaannnnnttteerrr,, aaattBBeetttaaiiirrooo nn((nnn99gg 00lloooaa00fffdd-- pppmmeeeeessiihhooollee,,ppp ))aa lllcceeennoo ddwwwrr rrttiiiiittthhddhhheeooiiin nn rrii ss ffSSSllrraaooooonnmmuuuddttt hhhoo ff Asia, and Europe (Figure 2.1.1). The four 250–999 Lahore, Pakistan, through India and Bangladesh to population concentrations occupy 25–249 the Bay of Bengal. Much of this area’s population Graphs & illustrations gcleimneartael layn lodw so-liyl isnugit aarbelaes f, owr iathg rtiecmultpuerrea. te 51b––el24o4w 1 iacson cndoc Gnecanentnrgatetreas dtrei vndee araslor. PInnogdp ituah’lsea ttpwiolaoni nlioss n aoglsf otch oheae sIantvldiinluyes s — illustrate the latest trends Physical environments that are too dry, the Arabian Sea to the west and the Bay of Bengal to the east. Like the Chinese, most people in South and fundamental processes too cold, too wet, or too mountainous Asia are farmers living in rural areas. mUltiple nUClei in pietermaritzbUrg, tend to have fewer inhabitants (Figures driving our human geography. 1AGRnEr 2egG.e1mnI.3Ola aPNgnOsdsLaAlikR, •• PP2dpcba.ooeoe1sp ppp.de2iuuu ci wvallltainaasditt ttditehiioh ood 2nmenn . 1i rns oa.cci3tzstalo)ueht.r msestooetrfe av gtcprherossnaa.u n m(TrnF ehlit.agg erAniui eowd rcsne oaaas r2rr,c tle.edco1aao .g,4cc rraa)dha.sn im ni sg t htoe 4400113HiieFPR°°66nni00nOEug °° 2lcvmaGu.Pei1rrrIrg.Uoae2Otnesna LS N sim2nAn Pd.Su 1TeApo11.mnE244hR 00ntaD°°ybsS,os e 2E(itscr. Ls1elaiY v.el2 e b , 2200°° 110000°° AAOOTTLLCCAAEENNAATTNNIICC TTRROOPPPPOOIICCAA OOCCFFCC EECCIIAAAAFFNNCCIINNEECCRR 4400°°2Amtcmcbthhoo.yr1ooeaonn .m1t ssuscI dttnbine-ols ydpeSndtr seilooOt ao 6r opnntanU0hfu t g a0ai1aTlo onns3tmHnoued, 61 Eri s ilt7iPs0 leAhci a7o0osoeSc nnim ouisTPfi lf pntha ci hAlitenls iriloeolSoidyap cp.niIsn speAT,l l deaphiainssn nee le tistdo vhlsh.a ep eIoacrn l gitofewnd e.Jln oioaSSsetnvtreoa blaeipvdun,ese o’ts iithrhna pwafe,ihou lgwe aauilhsseabhrlt tnati iihtAcon e-hsnddi as , 150 meters (500 feeMt)u baetnwge eNn athne, h Loausoess and the river aRFnHirddoo gneuent pstsreotaelsnepcse Ban Mae Sakud, Thailand Ch111420000anges in U.s. employment PTCEouRnbTslGOHiuIcoteAmh vasReeleetYrrrhr n vsS smeaiEecrnCeevrdTvinsc OietecdRseuscation soUth afInrdiCiaan, dU(Physrical bairriner)g Waphaitertheid UUNNP1IC1MMnoIIoEETT p 22aXXEEuu15b..DD II11lncCC00ea ..l0–SSaOO4t4toi rTT9rm woiAAPP9tne iTTo 5lmOOslEE0ig oSSi wPPlmnrlia oiUUialtmnlnihLLod,n AA apcbTTBBoooRRvIIpuAAOOeunZZNNltIIKKaLLrUUIINNi teNNCCTpiGGhroIIoseTTDDFFAAp nEEsRRoOOaiDDzrAARRsetMMriNN oo eTT21onfc(rwCC ae 0 FeEEmOOldvao tcmoehioiigGG GGl gsinnitlrEEsliaOOpr lioNNRRtpRRi1uIIiFFtolonooTTMMlIIDD dpanAA0aTTnGGAAuAAr EEniLLHHysl0EEYYaeMMNNi’MMEEsetnRR iYYs ..omCC d IIRRn 2AAAAOOSSii.EEs nnOOFFNNiPPbEE.lRRhUU..GGGGEE1lIIghyiTTTTCCOOYYooHH HH.AAPPTTs5a nIITTUURROOaiwzRR bUU)TTPPapeKKAA.IISS AArEEisNN TSSeYYtopZZ IIa hAAAAtflr aNNhnpoebIIAAIIoetRR xeAAsps lPPiNNeml umAAaldKKliarv.IIaaSStgiiTTlntoAAlee nNNgs l niry IIzatNNu teh1DDhm IIe eAAobrr bfetiBB lhAAtel.aihNNornGG e noLLl aAAMMA fnDDp YYtdsEEAAehSSTTNN iaaHHHHMMoerAACC AAeIIp HHLLRRaAAVVIIIIl.NNNNIINN EEeDDAATTDDNN AAOOMMNNPPM2HHEE.1(uaIIpSSLLg.nc2SSKKIIIIerPPOOhOOcdAAorPPUUcRR, m a uIIoTTEESraNNAAHHrsonfoneaEEu pdtSSufJJ dcrhurAAs vto oie,nPP2hs i2svAAav .s .1tlpeNNpne1auhh)nn.e.r. 2nod iii2etTtuuggrdhpdl aamdthcefttthhhs h)eebo hrroLC set.nu wiiaw uaepl llaleeem etOTeeeeiomnphnsesnh nnuix h avveHtc ae2eobfLpddpehthtltaeeroebaqan.nrassolDi , 1 seni all en ttrmet eunitissshtw .ffeh cemrr2 tm alpq rrn aodrpL yioohideoeoodbregatntulo aceeAeei affa mmuo, fpvohohNp aWwclrrgtnt eppseNnroiscnuret ourod ) istrrr orittooctz,Est aceaismpeDe,p rhhlao nehwatrylnposlgtcTcc,ade ileef Sghnn oenmayesimviir hdt c.t pprLi rmi ssieacaieoerivoiiaooaAlerbttuirypeneneulyaaiiegll lNll 22ly.44 d etntt nv e00h00ai00aaaTuiia o°°°° D,°°eooetatl nnnfihg2rsaaegonratnneSdddo.eryin s1hrrsnl.,,ia oc .d-2astuaw crsihllen ttp Hili u gatmatuIrthhrGeidsote eeuHier s88elwld ye00 p p°°Le dovsloAsaaeer slttn(tdNesintosi laDbeaeenuradllSseeysr.. 6600°° 4400°° AAOOTTLLCCAA22EE00NN°°AATTNNIICC2AaswlscDuwauua.psr1rroaemrre00gyp.t°°vf2raf eaelrluided3EiaiCsoavcr nn l plpa n’exe LtDss t ht2coto,poi d.Uo mot ha.RhtoD1p rhs hbgiiSop .Y l saue5oec dairxT rett olrfisofter Liaae e oEPem ygwtnsatnlA 22hpryR eibOur00tfotta °°eeoNlacrssSy2retnPv e .i rr e0ansDg—or e,U felad c aeyasppSnivoLa.l nnsrste1aempinAh eonr ttnbttcuorhTtgiea anaeicruaIl idlabnglaOnll44tgiuy l00o nlt st c°°yh Ncsr o nliooe,taom es mfscutv orhoaEklesudm00leu a rssc rr,ufec thceshffil eu ie pom’ sscdce66f 00hli a oa1e°°ta, t5hpnna0 e0esldt.e 1,500388,0000°°IIOO0NN KiAlCCoDDUmEEeStIIeTAAAArsRNNNNATTLRRI3A,OO0110PP000II00 CCM°° iOOleGFFs UCCCAACAAPPOTRRNMEZSIIUSCCCAMETEOOTNOANADAXARRIL LEANNTTRILOCAW11EEAIBCO22MNDS00OAD°°BLPIICAVEHRIAIULECAURVBG11AEB44EG00NRNEE°°RQQAETEUUZZIENAAUIKNTTLAEOOILNLRRUAFAGNRNDIADTONEMMSDC11DOPE66EAGR00M°°IEONR.C RMCAESOA22IPLNTA0000N.AGA °°°°TUICNGNYELpctaShrUDOMAYREuGhRlsoIiNoRMIAu OgAKAr eIGuLIpAIaELsRnBh11 IOYAtst88AlFuI Ad h00eIoBapN°°lIroeaurALeeReAt44LactUrd00iINahBshoc°°SDY stSeeianA .nIIAERAnal oGIAacRYsstYN.noAEati PaMeAQggnT SrEscec UKnNKs oEeD iAe noNMPtEAnnZAviYT fANApcCAKt HeDKprIe IShrHAaOoeTanGSPtiAfonlTIiIAtI NN AoNAtrrSpaDhNaDinCv IlItAaAeCeAseiRHno ,T r AwMIHSa NdnBvRMANsOnAAoR I aIiE ANSiLNLUadLsPrlALAGoGASlAkn ANeNOcSOpLLuiYM IDAKnyLhSAmSotYIADIsAgahAApE aNra CS auaAiMHHnnIsclINsANda ltDiaRfAtae CaOndiH,orr NidemtIzNnEhVl,SeA tI eeIEkiaAdsPTrn sNH sab oNKAI SKaLilOOMOyOwnsItPRRUo RP aEJnTETI AANH AH PEASN 00 10 5020Sgptilvau301 e0 cM0 eFnteeee rtsan asinnedng s apep hopoflfa irSDtmehisrlee ebocdetupsdioii nlandgn soindf gs Number of jobs (millions)8642000001975 1980 1985 19Y9e0ar 1995 2000 2005 2010 SPBERuCIsMOiLRWMCAPFIUTnnNeiroreAgtneaafhoiintDroRslsannafoiisursAectYnusiltm iulresp RcrsfeeSsulasieoasYt aiEaccaorurt lCltttvSinnreouiaTieEodancrtO Cn liieahnoRTnsognOdsR pmitianliintyg EminpIdHalnoouremydsamterilsiaaeannlndt /boundaryBlaBclkack CCBBBDDuffer stHriigpChowloauy r(teradWnsport barrhier)ite SOUTH AFRICA 36 37 examples of human geography in action. CHG3_CH02_FINAL.indd 4-5 21/11/14 12:12 PM iii A01_RUBE9016_03_SE_FM.indd 3 26/11/14 5:31 PM KEy ISSuE 4 How are resources protected? Chapter 14 Resource Issues Looking to the Future ARCTIC OCEAN What will it take for the world to reduce pollution and fossil fuel dependency in the years ahead (Figure 14.11.4)? According ATLANTIC OCEAN to the United Nations, strategies will vary PACIFIC PACIFIC among countries. The U.S. scientists working OCEAN OCEAN with the UN offered a strategy with three key elements (Figure 14.11.5): Per capita INDIAN CO2 emissions OCEAN •Sharp decrease in the use of the three (metric tons) ATLANTIC fossil fuels. 2.00 and above OCEAN 0 1,500 3,000 Miles 1.00–1.99 •Increase in the use of renewable energy. 0.25–0.99 1 14.11.3 co emIssIons0 1,500 3,000 Kilometers 2 •Use of carbon capture and storage below 0.25 peR capITa 2010 target (CCS), which involves capturing waste (quad BTUs) (a)Share of world CO2 emissions 2.9 CO2, transporting it to a storage site, and North America 2% 5% 12..34 5date.mp5oosspithinegr ei,t nwohremreaK lliEyt wyun ilIdls ensrogutr oeEun nt3ed r . tHheo w do laESuonurotphge Paucifiac ges4 4%v%a5%ry am1o9%ng places?23.4 (2q0u5a0d t BarTgUest) The principal impact on the average Russia 7% 13% 9.6 East Asia 7.2 AApmerpican lwoyuldi ben religance otn ehlectriecity ToSouoth Asia ls of Geography for nearly all househDold aictsivitites randi butiSooutheast nAsia of33 %Di6%al2%ec31.t5 s 15.8 transportation. This electricity would be Central Asia generated almost exclusively through sources Southwest Asia 6.7 New features of the Third Edition of Contemporaanrdy No rHth uAfrmicaan(b )GShearoe ogf wroarlpd phopyul aftiaoncilitate a more active learning other than the thre•e Dfoisasille fcutesls .a re regional varSiuab-Staihaorann Asfri caof languages. 12.0 experAiesn hcaer,d e ams ipt owwil•el rbDieni gafo lsre ttcuhtdes eU cnnatisnte t ddo Si sfftateoterps ,i np rvaoctcLiaactienb A,mu aerlnicaadr ya,p spplye ltlhi8n%eigr5 %,u an8n%dder ps1%tr2a%onnduinngc1 9ti.ah7troioung.h deb3.8ate, resetaor crehd,u vciesu itasl caanrabloyns isfo, omtporibnitle, t hmee cdhiaal,l einntgeer active mapping, 1a3n%d virtual tours of Earth’s human g6.6eography. is even greater for dAe vdeiloapleincgt ciso au nrterigeiso, nal variation of a la6n%guage distinguished Rbenyew dabliesstinctiNvateura lv gaos wcitah bCCSulary, 22% especially China, whspicehl liisn ngo, wan tdhe p wroonrludn’s ciation. Gene1r%ally, speakers of one dialecNutc lecaran undePetrrsoletuamnd speakers 9% Biomass Coal leaNdiEnWg !m Daenbuaftaec Ittu freioantfgu arcenoso u ptnrhetrseyern (tds teiwaelo eD sciedtb.e aGs toeef o ag cro1am p1p4h.l1ee1x.4r t sco oapri ce, ien sap tewcoi-aclol2yl5u% minnt erested in differences in dialects 2 Natural gas Coal with CCS IItn tfepDerraeontbu avartstie.eo c naIotna ncld a fco nFor bmiogepau uter,se rteasod t 1ei oan4sng. 1h aa1ogn.me6d es atcwnuooddore kr1nd, 4tgis.nr 1ioan1ut .ai7poc) nwt.i v oer kd, eoep(bamro) a dpSItsiheussa claIrouaen TsnodsIfso i doC anOennc s Diesem icoitnsiso-iomnnsas. kbiyn rge.g ion bfeeact1eaum 1urI4se.s1sse1I. o5 ot nuhfsn et RThyeae DRr uegeceflnTTev IfociorntoR Id ncnoi Tms2ht ieen ncttsiv ien will be required to reduce global pollution. 2 NNoorrtthh CCeennttrraall (b) Share of populatiWWon.. NN beewwy reEEg.. iNNoneeww whuicnhIT egDr osTuapTess live. EEnnggllaanndd EEnnggllaanndd debate it Is sustainable development impeIInnrllaaanntddive or unnecesTshaer yd?istribution of dialects is TThhee NNoorrtthh NNoorrtthh documented through the study IInnllaanndd NNoorrtthh NCNCiieettyyww YYoorrkk Supporters maintain that sustainability is vital to humanity’s future, while somWWe.. cPPraait..icsMM aiiddrg--AAuttellaa tnnhttiiacct humans of particular words. Every word should not bother TTwhhiteeh WW meeassktting our daily lives more sustainableSStt.. LLoouuiiss that is not used nationally has TThhee MMiiddllaanndd CCoorrrriiddoorr some geographic extent within SUSTAINABLE ACTIONS ARE IMPORTANT SUSTAINABLE ACTIONS ARE IMPOSSIBLE OR 3 Humans have an obligation as stewards of the Earth to IISSnnooUllaauunnttNhhddNECESSARy the country and therefore has conserve and preserve it for future generations. 3 It is too late to discuss sustainabbloe duenvedloaprmieenst., bSeucacuhse ath ew woorrldd -usage TThhee SSoouutthh CChhaarrlleessttoonn 3 A disproportionately large share of Earth’s resources is being has already surpassed its sustaibnaobule nledveal, racyc,o krdninogw to nth ea Ws oarlnd isogloss, TTeexxaass SSoouutthh Wildlife Fund (WWF). Noruthseerdn by a small percentage of people, who by reducing their Weustseern could have a 3 Humans are currently using 13 can be constructed for each Midllaarngdes impact on bilFFlillooonrrii ddhaaectares of Earth’s land word. Although every word has a the conservation of area, but Earth has only 11.4 Southeastern unique isogloss, boundary lines of resources. billion hectares of biologically 1 53.5 . 1R uen.se.w DaibaleL eCts pWroWdFu, scoti vheu lmanadn,s a hccaoverd ninogn eto le fdt ifferent words coalesce in some substitutes for locations to form regions. Dialneoncrtense winab tleh e United States to conserve for future growth. resources are 3 Earth’s resources have no Majoarv adilaifbflee,r beunt ces in U.S. dialects originated because absTohluetes leim hit baevceau bsee tehen joined by a fourth that developed in of dipfefeoprelen mcuesst minak ed ialects among the original settlers defithnietio Wn oef wsth a(tF isi ga urerseou 5rc.e5 .1). an effort to choose changes dramatically and along the Atlantic Coast colonies. The settlements Many words that were once regionally distinctive them. 3 14.11.6 gIR naTIonal paRk, chIna unpredictably over time. 1 14.11.7 aIR polluTIon, beIjIng can be grouped into three principal dialect are now national in distribution. Electronic and social regions: Northern (or New England), Midlands, and media influence the adoption of the same words Southeastern. The national diffusion of distinctive throughout the country. Nonetheless, regional dia3le5c1t diaNleEcWts! iRse ase raerscuhl &t oRfe fltheec tw feeastutwreas rcdo nmneocvt esmtudeennt tso of nline to doriifgfeinrael ndcaetas spouerrcseiss tv iian the United States (see Research & colQoRn ilisntkss ,f rwohmer et hthee tyh erxeaem Einaes dt aCtao aansdt dreisapleocntd rteog ciroitnicsa.l thinkiRnge flqeucets tfioenast.ure and Figure 5.5.2). research M14_RUBE9016_03_SE_CH14.indd 25 26/11/14 5:26 PM What is your dialect? & Reflect Do you have a strong regional dialect? Take a quiz to determine your regional dialect. The quiz was constructed by a New York Times reporter, based on the Dialect Survey project undertaken at Harvard by Professors Bert Vaux and Scott Golder. Go to nytimes.com and search for either “Harvard Dialect Survey Quiz” or the article “How Y’all, Youse and You Guys.” An example is the word used to identify a carbonated soft drink (Figure 5.5.2). 1. Did the quiz accurately identify where you are from? 2. Were any indicators of dialect especially important in identifying 3 5.5.2 u.s. DiaLeCts your distinctive use of What to call a soft drink language? Why or Generic names for soft drinks why not? Pop Soda no data Coke Other http://goo.gl/0zP6pL iv 118 M05_RUBE9016_03_SE_CH05.indd 12 26/11/14 10:56 AM A01_RUBE9016_03_SE_FM.indd 4 26/11/14 5:31 PM 4.2 KEY ISSUE 1 How are folk and popular leisure activities distributed? NEW! Observe & Interpret features are included throughout the modules, Chapter 4 Folk and Popular Culture enabling students to perform critical visual and data analysis as they read. Origin and Diff usion of Folk OBSERVE Music “maps” at diff erent scales & interpret & Popular Music The Landscape of Music project, created by Yifan Hu, a researcher at AT&T Labs, depicts popular music as a world map, • Folk music has unknown origins derived from the local environment. with diff erent types of popular music represented as countries and musicians • Popular music is created by an individual or group in order to sell it. as places within the countries (Figure 4.2.3). “Countries” that are closer to each Every culture in human history has had some tradition of music, argues music other have relatively similar musical styles. researcher Daniel Levitan (Figure 4.2.1). As music is a part of both folk and popular The most important musicians in each style are represented on the “world” map; culture traditions, it can be used to illustrate the diff erences in the origin, diff usion, and the larger the size of the type, the more distribution of folk and popular culture. important the musician. Zooming in on a portion of the map reveals less important Folk Music musicians within individual “countries.” Find one of your favorite 1 4.2.1 FOLK According to a Chinese legend, folk planted in summer and seeds planted in musicians. 10.7 KEY ISSUE MS3O U U S HTICHo: GwU LisL AaHg,ricumthltueu sEricem wdpiaessrto riirnb vHueutneatdend?g iTni 2se6n97t LBin.Cg. ,L wunh eton wMinate rc:hiêm ba thán8g k.h1ôn0g già KEY ISSUE 4 How do states interact with each other? 1 . Wcohnasti doethreedr ppearrtfo orfm theers s aarme e Chapter 8 Political Geography CAROLINA cut bamboo poles that would produce a Ma Mùa tháng ruôi a˘´t la´không non1 Chapter 10 Food & Agriculture “country”? •• FcDHEFFInoraiieassrcovbtthirdohese s ’ral)saoai, crcvmspeahqaeil nosluedytglii l rtutofi iehhc scsdonekeeh us fras r nc(enocsotgasmaur niuahce rsEhagseua sha a ramprsttneh rcwp o’sirlneavt iwilmcsioddpraeens oto adsbapaibfste annoerrsoonsr iienes oiFasrfr unfnoooiddtt pstnoabihhgngunnpu r.alrllo e,my dekrcymll rsImye e t dnlto mafunass sms oee uaotm td,soeroeir idayrmfane oxesncru mti .tsuasg thtnebgcass)h lcor ,,fi hllaseoi o leayatah sssa iympfmt bnthnm ne,da feca dpo,goe, adnfioorsc fro uocy fa dofrtdnooeamldtuuh q dk idtvgnl assfieluekfu a ieitrtior sfeatlao raicelerciorcmtrd cogtnfi ai-iaudni cet acneo lsur f lealgoyg pssnarth sonvusocto efnl iiofeca asclrn,mf sfue thnlenr o(omoghtyt ss t adhrlepuaeusro. knai o veinc tcan(ven wgtes orhcldeeenpgu elnonu ydc l av c,hsctrgcs l o sshilt bouoloodre u,nwi so mumeruanr rhsvfianinsteongeuetrpa lhm.iiowtritlcymtxtnrhyae dihi a eo.teate.p h it nsnsAt oaeA eeu.at srnsoa m pnc lfrpd efil syss,hWse )Tbo..m hWoSnmTueneletishodgso hetrte es dng isw ylrelotseanoihho, pnn usseneeepgg nnoveags e gdc elr tafd.ha hnl orwi.Bnae n riiyhr unfgtdb ehtsa tle n cheywrf o o eetwtsrhlr h dtao siehetnn pM1UHBuhnFHa2t2csmgyrpR oNEsietno8ne70re i xUiAuerF.lIo oa1s Elc 1uedOda1itSD0rsimimrwhhn2i rsn.N tSn3tu1 eQsfimshe eascE atit2 t gUe(Emlr C,Lhc rrdlrnl Fo UioAacoSaylime .yooso ii , RffoRmpning rcssioDa B pnnOTniCnim tiohulEtoeschEda PleufhsoLsnraimR- -oadrEelrouiGerlfyusaeSsolAri l aor nmIea u,n c iiUNe 1npmmontnnrtt lrmgrhM 0 erpmolfec cdgcio o•• a.astptcrrpt 7r a ei-hepupnh ee wtCSapE( aoWaD.tatFrittgoa5a ileutear oronltiioatpa-osiesgsu)i nirogmaian chtnnpt.eoe:o,rtouh sreno ehseni.d Depaa piitern asn cobcn o es ie tulseesfnc ntfftlnl fghia orie 8 lv yo noo ieaofihosn e n.e1l ot1n tnf smakt l9iciEhos0pe ho onll rtt6afure .enpo epan1 - r0 rrfigta )di C aoe.onsve tosneogpeese edlh -f emdw a ts vhtaiWrtaerhMillion metric tonsetk ae b1 ae11eCr36925 e1tt,a0000001o9s he0cE5 l0t.frnh7duoo. 4 re ruoiW Go1sogt9ophRpn6ah0eeOere CATt,croWa q ah stPIipiIpaiunfaasntt1ntaonelTun9cau l orur7l He ftwytl 0 srfEttcreeehu p rptI hear’occNesrroxaAceuoq oioe n1gtnYtFptaE9nesuentil o8IttvatecS0eeorarls o eoeooHaono m mn nmrjdfoi sno nPfr sr1dtitb Mfce9oRii, le a9 ccny syt tO0ambr ao oee ae unfDlledros eiadaflivdaUlfpsi2 citrii at0ont sCicam gm0iineChop011TTtelgTcnnegckunoHHsiiI el lcOl 44 i,ai s ieoEEtrfineb..a mtN22yao ecc pan yLLc2ug..rh33so0lhs yAAurd e1d tm anPP2y i h aNNrasrnwl soOOe aeai bt aDDp dmcabobh Fish & seafood consumptionPPtSlcieSSs,liottie UUio ioi(million metric tons)v1rCCogceohrapcm LLn. i AA nh1oarnrot111dAAAios00232468 nPPnb1 .mc00000000f .puRRppi 97mdEE Adaine6 .n p5a0MMue toe enOOs imehGlElre l.g issUUFFdmeatftRuoei aero lSS crMMO1fiferropt 9oo IIo reyaoWc7CCqmeUUmrrn0l rr::caWDDeehp TSSy oueeeoluo evvt. 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tOakchG eutMeer t Er ateismMncdtaogBatdn nEesRoysreS,.mer wvINsiicecs Eaer UleqslRy uO PeEstions 1FI S10H.7I.N2 GM RAEJGOIRO NS 6600°° 88 intangible heritage.AATTLLAANNTTIICC OOCCEEAANN 6600°° 2C2 r8 i1.m100.e.72a. 6N fTArUoTmNO AT UR FOkISrOaHPinISNe IGN a ,An SFdPG AtAhINNreISaTteAnNed other parts of Ukrapairlneae c.leess•• seaSM cuntooibedsnstd oi digm nioteosiosct daeatlsharl yemde d p ociervnoupecvrl teiraduescesrraedoesd s its onor eb fgf goalpiyrrodma ncerestrl.risusc souatfnel amdrr e itonm ber Ounnieq usied &eto o ienf attchehe rcepouurroen ttcroyi nins Ttihs heth eeeu sreaomzuoern oteh. :rAo tUu tghnheoi wtuyet bE sauirtnoe pwdew, ddwei.sevicgebn.eredus ritootp yhai.geuh,l icglhictk E Tu8hreo9 pEeu’rso u, nthiteyn ( FCigouinres, 8th.1e0n.4 a).n Tyh dee ontohmeri nsiadteio ins of OOCCEEAANN states in trucks and trains without stopping. coins you wish. 3PPRR 1OO0.DD7.3UU FCCITTSIIHOO NN 4400°° PPOOAACCCCEEIICAAFFIIHNNCCG3_CH04_FINAL.indd 6-7 TTRROOPPIICC OOFF CCAANNCCEERR 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TU Hwnoeiwon nmt.y Wa-onhnyie co hcf o3thu men ti2cr1ireo ess utisarsotue ceso ieisnussur oeh aceovueirn otsh ,c ebo uihntes oa bdnu loyt f1a ar8e mo nfa otnht? ie nHm toh waer e mE auacrnotuyp aelalyn i1 nU3 n/t1hi1oe/n1 E?4u r o1:p5e3a PnM 2200°° PPAACCIIFFIICC 2200°° •mA ebmanbker o cro ruentatrilye rw ciathn souppeenr vbisriaonnc hoensl yi nb ya ntyh e halaivvee, tahned h weahdo oafr ea twheoym?an? How many of these people are currently OOCCEEAANN 00F°°ish11 p66r00o°°ductio11n4400°° 112200°° 110000°° AAOOTTLLCCAAEENNAATTNNIICC IIOONNCCDDEEIIAAAANNNN EEQQUUAATTOORR 00°° Tinchtooer pethfofere acwtti ooornfl d’sth’ she woseme aaelc tchtiooieunsnst tmhryaa.s r kbeete.n to turn Europe 34.. W Whhaicth d cido itnh de op eyooup lfie n ndo m loonsgt eart tarlaivceti vdeo oinr athpep epaalsint?g? Why? http://goo.gl/vl2kzs 1 8.10.4 EURO (metric tons) 2200°° 2200°° 200 201 50 million and above TTRROOPPIICC OOFF CCAAPPRRIICCOORRNN 1–10 million 1B0e0lo,0w0 100–09,9090,0999 4400°° 00 1,5001,5030,000 Kilom3e,t0e0rs0 Miles 4400°° CHG3_CH08_FINAL.indd 22-23 1 10.7.7 KASSIOPI, CORFU, GREECE 21/v11/14 10:51 AM no data 8800°° 6600°° 4400°° 2200°° 00°° 2200°° 4400°° 6600°° 8800°° 110000°° 112200°° 114400°° 116600°° 118800°° 246 247 CHG3_CH10_FINAL.indd 16-17 22/11/14 5:19 PM A01_RUBE9016_03_SE_FM.indd 5 26/11/14 5:31 PM Continuous Learning Before, During, and After Class with MasteringGeography BEFORE CLASS Mobile Media and Reading Assignments Ensure Students Come to Class Prepared NEW! Dynamic Study Pearson eText in MasteringGeography gives Modules personalize students access to the text whenever and wherever each student’s learning they can access the internet. eText features include: experience. Created to • Now available on smartphones and tablets. allow students to acquire • Seamlessly integrated videos and other rich media. knowledge on their own and be better prepared • Fully accessible (screen-reader ready). for class discussions and • Configurable reading settings, including resizable assessments, this mobile type and night reading mode. app is available for iOS • Instructor and student note-taking, highlighting, and Android devices. bookmarking, and search. Pre-Lecture Reading Quzzes are easy to customize & assign NEW! Reading Questions ensure that students complete the assigned reading before class and stay on track with reading assignments. Reading Questions are 100% mobile ready and can be completed by students on mobile devices. vi A01_RUBE9016_03_SE_FM.indd 6 26/11/14 5:31 PM

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