Contemporary Endocrinology: Volume 1 PDF
Preview Contemporary Endocrinology: Volume 1
Contemporary Endocrinology Volume 1 Contemporary Endocrinology (formerly The Year in Endocrinology) Editor-in-Chief: SIDNEY H. INGBAR • Boston, Massachusetts Editorial Board EDWARD G. BIGLIERI • San Francisco, California LEWIS E. BRAVERMAN • Worcester, Massachusetts WILLIAM H. DAUGHADA Y • St. Louis, Missouri DANIEL D. FEDERMAN • Boston, Massachusetts CHARLES R. KLEEMAN • Los Angeles, California DOROTHY T. KRIEGER • New York, New York MORTIMER B. LIPSETT • Bethesda, Maryland ROBERT L. NEY • Chapel Hill, North Carolina GARY L. ROBERTSON • Indianapolis, Indiana GRIFF T. ROSS • Bethesda, Maryland LOUIS M. SHERWOOD • Chicago, Illinois KENNETH A. WOEBER • San Francisco, California Contemporary Endocrinology Volume 1 Edited by Sidney H. lngbar, M.D. William B. Cartle Professor of Medicine Harvard Medical School Director, Thorndike Laboratory of Harvard Medical School at the Beth Israel Hospital Boston, Massachusetts Springer Science+B usiness Media, LLC ISBN 978-1-4757-4859-8 ISBN 978-1-4757-4857-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-4857-4 © 19 79 Springer Science+B usiness Media New York Originally published by Plenum Publishing Corporation in 1979 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1979 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher Contributors Edward G. Biglieri, M. D. • Professor of Medicine, University of California School of Medicine; Chief, Endocrine Division of Medical Service, San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center, San Fran cisco, California Lewis E. Braverman, M. D. • Professor of Medicine; Director of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts William H. Daughaday, M. D. • Professor of Medicine; Director, Metabolism Division, Department of Medicine, Washington Univer sity School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri Daniel D. Federman, M. D. • Professor of Medicine; Dean for Students and Alumni, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts John T. Gwynne, M. D. • Assistant Professor of Medicine, Depart ment of Medicine, Endocrine Division, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina Charles R. Kleeman, M. D. • Professor of Medicine; Chief Emeritus, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine and Center for the Health Sciences, Los Angeles, California Karen Kleeman, M. D. • Resident in Medicine, Department of Med icine, Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts y vi CONTRIBUTORS Dorothy T. Krieger, M.D. • Professor of Medicine; Director, Division of Endocrinology, Mount Sinai Medical Center and School of Med icine, City University of New York, New York, New York Lewis Landsberg, M. D. • Assistant Professor of Medicine, Depart ment of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Associate Chief, De partment of Medicine, Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Mortimer B. Lipsett, M. D. • Director, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Robert L. Ney, M. D. • Professor of Medicine; Chairman, Depart ment of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina Griff T. Ross, M. D. • Deputy Director, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Louis M. Sherwood, M. D. • Physician-in-Chief and Chairman, De partment of Medicine, Michael Reese Hospital and Medical Center; Professor of Medicine, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois Kenneth A. Woeber, M. D. • Chief of Medicine, Mt. Zion Hospital and Medical Center; Professor of Medicine, University of California Medical School, San Francisco, California James B. Young, M. D. • Assistant Professor of Medicine, Depart ment of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Assistant in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Preface Those who are familiar with the two volumes of The Year in Endocrinology may, at first glance, fail to recognize their relationship to the present volume, Contemporary Endocrinology. The name is different and the cover design different, but nonetheless the admonition against judging a book by its cover is very well taken in this instance. In fact, Contemporary Endocrinology is not only the direct linear descendant of The Year in Endocrinology, it is a purposeful clone thereof-the topics are unchanged, the talented group of authors is unchanged, and most importantly, both the objective of the work and the manner in which that objective is approached are unchanged. The objective is, of course, to assist the reader in maintaining currency with respect to important developments, both basic and clinical, in the major areas of endocrinology. We are all much too familiar, unfortunately, with the difficulty of maintaining currency these days. Our approach to dealing with the informational inflation that we are suffering is similar to that used by economists in dealing with monetary inflation, that is, to increase interest. This we have attempted to do by providing for the reader an easy-to-read group of essays in which advances in individual areas of endocrinology are re viewed broadly, synthesized, and placed into perspective by a group of authors who are authorities in their individual fields. They serve, not as guest artists, but as members of a stable Editorial Board that provides continuity by contributing to successive volumes. As judged from the comments of colleagues and from published reviews, our objectives appear to have been met at least reasonably well. In fact, the extent to vii viii PREFACE which other works now beginning to appear are patterned so closely after The Year in Endocrinology and Contemporary Endocrinology is very flattering indeed. Why then have we changed the name of the work and also, as will become apparent, the frequency with which it will appear? What's in the new name is a desire to distinguish more clearly, with respect to format and intent, between Contemporary Endocrinology and the several yearbooks and highly focused review compendia in the field; these are useful and valuable, but quite different. The new title, additionally, eliminates the connotation that the material being considered is confined to that which has appeared during the preceding year. This has not been the case; rather, the effort has always been to place new material within the context of what has gone before and what is likely to follow. Contemporary Endocrinology will appear every other year, rather than yearly. This change is intended to serve several purposes. The longer interval will allow new findings to develop the critical mass necessary to clarify their impact and implications. It will also provide the authors with some surcease from the series of activities necessary for the preparation and publication of a work of this type, a series that a yearly cycle turns into an unending chain. There is a limit to what even the busiest people are able to get done. The Editor, too, will enjoy the brief respite from editorial duties that the new interval for publication will afford. The task of shepherding a book of this type through the various stages of its preparation is a blessing that, one must say in all candor, is decidedly mixed. But a blessing it is, ultimately and on balance. The opportunity that the editorial work affords to keep abreast of the many advances taking place in the field is highly gratifying. Even more gratifying is the opportunity to work with highly compatible and skilled professionals, both on the scientific side and in the publishing side, the latter in the person of Ms. Hilary Evans of Plenum. Most gratifying of all, however, is the feeling that one may be helping, through this vehicle, to disseminate not only factual knowledge about endocrinology but also the strong sense of excitement that all who work in or think about this field must certainly feel. If that is being accomplished in some reasonable measure, then the effort is-as Dr. William B. Castle used to say of working at the Boston City Hospital "worth it, but just." Sidney H. Ingbar, M.D. Contents Chapter 1 NeuroendocrinoJogy Dorothy T. Krieger 1.1. Anatomical Localization and Neurotransmitter Regulation of Releasing Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.1. Hypothalamic Deafferentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.1.1. Effect on Somatostatin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.1.2. Physiological Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.1.2. Neurotransmitter Regulation of Hypophysiotropic Releasing Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.1.2 .I. Histamine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.1.2.2. Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone . . . . . . 2 1.1.2.3. Growth Hormone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1.2.4. Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone . . . . . . . 3 1.2. Corticotropin-Releasing Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3. Pineal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3.1. Melatonin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3.2. Arginine Vasotocin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.4. Peptide Hormones in Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.4.1. Gastrointestinal Hormones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.4.1.1. Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide . . . . . . . . 7 1.4.1.2. Cholecystokinin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.4.2. Pituitary Hormones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.4.2.1. a-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone . . . . . 7 1.4.2.2. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.4.2.3. Lipotropin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 ix X CONTENTS 1.4.2.4. Prolactin, Thyrotropin, and Growth Hormone ........................... . 9 1.4.2.5. Neurophysin ......................... . 9 1.4.3. Hypothalamic Hormones ...................... . 9 1.5. Effect of Endorphin on Pituitary Function .............. . 10 1.6. Plasma Upotropin and Endorphin ..................... . 11 1. 7. Clinical Studies ...................................... . 13 1.7.1. Effect of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone ....... . 13 1.7.2. Treatment of Cushing's Disease ................. . 13 References 14 Chapter 2 Anterior Pituitary William H. Daughaday 2.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.2. Corticotropin-Related Peptides.......................... 22 2.2.1. Biosysnthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.2.2. Circulating Peptides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 2.2.3. Cushing's Disease and Corticotropin-Secreting Pituitary Tumors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.2.4. Corticotropin-Secreting Adenomas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.2.5. Ectopic Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.2.6. Secretion in Addison's Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.2.7. Pharmacological Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.3. Thyrotropin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.3.1. Thyrotropin-Receptor Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.3.2. "Big" Thyrotropin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.3.3. Regulation of Thyrotropin Release............... 29 2.3.4. Thyrotroph Cell Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.3.5. Placental Thyrotropin :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.3.6. Modification of TRH Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.4. Gonadotropins........................................ 32 2.4.1. Biosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.4.2. Structural-Functional Correlations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2.4.3. Gonadotropin Subunits in Serum and Urine . . . . . . 34 2.4.4. Regulation of Secretion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.4.5. Pubertal Changes of Gonadotropins.............. 36 2.4.6. Gonadotropin Secretion in Early Ovarian Failure . . 37 2.4.7. Gonadotropin-Producing Tumors................ 37 2.5. Prolactin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.5.1. Lactotroph Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
The list of books you might like
