Contamination Control in the Natural Gas Industry PDF
Preview Contamination Control in the Natural Gas Industry
Contamination Control in the Natural Gas Industry Thispageintentionallyleftblank Contamination Control in the Natural Gas Industry Thomas H. Wines PallCorporation,UnitedStates Saeid Mokhatab GasProcessingConsultant,Canada GulfProfessionalPublishingisanimprintofElsevier 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,Oxford,OX51GB,UnitedKingdom Copyright©2022ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans, electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageand retrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseek permission,furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandour arrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyright LicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. Thisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightby thePublisher(otherthanasmaybenotedherein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchand experiencebroadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices, ormedicaltreatmentmaybecomenecessary. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgein evaluatingandusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribed herein.Inusingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafety andthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,or editors,assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatter ofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods, products,instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein. BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress ISBN:978-0-12-816986-5 ForInformationonallGulfProfessionalPublishingpublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:JoeHayton AcquisitionsEditor:KatieHammon EditorialProjectManager:TracyI.Tufaga ProductionProjectManager:SojanP.Pazhayattil CoverDesigner:ChristianJ.Bilbow TypesetbyMPSLimited,Chennai,India Dedication This book is dedicated to my family which in these times has become even more significant than ever and especially to my wife, Donna, and children, Daniel and Shannon, for their pandemic support and patience with this project over the last 21/ years. 2 —Thomas H. Wines I wish to dedicate this book to my wife, Maryam, and my son, Sam, whose patience, understanding, and encouragement were essential to completion of this book. They contributed to this effort in ways that I probably will never know or understand. —Saeid Mokhatab Thispageintentionallyleftblank Contents Abouttheauthors ix Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii Disclaimer xv 1 Fundamentalsoffiltrationscience 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Overview 1 1.3 Darcy’slaw 10 1.4 Capturemechanisms 13 1.5 Filterlife 16 1.6 Differencesbetweensolid(cid:1)liquidandsolid(cid:1)gasseparation 20 References 21 2 Fundamentalsofseparationscience 25 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Liquid/gassystems 25 2.3 Liquid/liquidsystems 41 References 48 Furtherreading 50 3 Industrial contaminants 51 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Originsandtypes 51 3.3 Characterizingcontaminants 66 References 78 Furtherreading 81 4 Industrial filtrationtechnologies 83 4.1 Introduction 83 4.2 Gravityseparators 84 4.3 Basketstrainers 85 4.4 Filterpress 85 4.5 Cyclonicseparatorsandcyclo-filters 89 4.6 Disposablecartridgefilters 95 4.7 Regenerablefilters 102 4.8 Otherfiltrationtechnologies 113 4.9 Filtrationsummary 113 References 116 Furtherreading 118 viii Contents 5 Industrial separationtechnologies 119 5.1 Introduction 119 5.2 Liquid/liquidseparation 120 5.3 Liquid-gasseparations 147 5.4 Three-phaseseparations 177 References 182 6 Roleofchemicaladditives 191 6.1 Introduction 191 6.2 Surfactants 191 6.3 Typicalchemicaladditives 201 6.4 Processapplications 215 6.5 Effectonfiltration/separation 217 References 218 Furtherreading 223 7 Effectofcontaminationonprocessesinthenaturalgasindustry 225 7.1 Introduction 225 7.2 Naturalgassupplychain 226 7.3 Gasproductionatwellhead 227 7.4 Gasprocessingplant 242 7.5 Pipeline 290 7.6 Undergroundstorage 297 7.7 Liquefiednaturalgasproduction 300 References 310 Furtherreading 316 8 Diagnosticsandtroubleshootingmethods 317 8.1 Introduction 317 8.2 Strategicapproach 317 8.3 Fieldmethods 329 8.4 Labmethods 335 8.5 Applications/casestudies 336 References 349 9 Filtrationandseparationrating 351 9.1 Introduction 351 9.2 Solid/liquidfilterratingstandards 351 9.3 Liquid/liquidseparationratingstandards 355 9.4 Solid/gasseparationratingstandards 357 9.5 Liquid/gasseparationratingstandards 360 9.6 Filterandcoalescercharacterizationmethods 365 References 370 Appendix1:Conversionfactors 373 Appendix2:Cartridgediameterfactors 375 Appendix3:Carbonsteelpressurevesselandnozzlediameters 381 Index 383 About the authors Thomas H. Wines is currently a Director of Applications Development for Pall Corporation’s Fluid Technologies and Asset Protection (FTAP) Group in Port Washington, NY, United States. Prior to assuming the above role, he was a Director of Product Management, Senior Marketing Manager, and Senior Staff Engineer for theScientificandLaboratoryServicesDivisionatPall.Hehas33yearsofexperience in filtration, separation, and purification serving the refinery, gas processing, and chemical industries, and is a specialist in the fields of liquid(cid:1)gas and liquid(cid:1)liquid coalescing. He has authored over 50 technical publications and given numerous pre- sentations in this field at professional societies. He holds a PhD in Chemical EngineeringfromColumbiaUniversity,andisamemberofAIChE. Saeid Mokhatabisrecognized globallyasa process technologyexpertinthefields ofnaturalgasprocessingandliquefiednaturalgas(LNG).Forovertwodecades,he has been actively involved in different aspects of several large-scale gas processing andLNGprojects,fromconceptualdesignthroughplantstartupandoperationssup- port.HehascontributedtotheunderstandingofgasprocessingandLNGknowledge, practices, and technologies through 300 technical papers and three reference books (published by Elsevier in the US), which are widely read and highly respected. He foundedtheElsevierpeer-reviewedJournalofNaturalGasScienceandEngineering and has served on the editorial/advisory boards of leading professional publications pertainingtogasprocessingandLNG.Hehasalsobeenanactivememberofseveral professional societies, including the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) and Gas Processors Association (GPA) Europe, and has served on the technical program/ advisorycommitteeofmanyacclaimedgasprocessingconferencesworldwide.Asa result of his outstanding work in the natural gas industry, he has received a number of international awards and medals and has been listed in highly prestigious bio- graphicaldirectories.
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