Contaminated Sediments: Characterization, Evaluation, Mitigation Restoration, and Management Strategy Performance (ASTM Special Technical Publication, 1442) PDF
Preview Contaminated Sediments: Characterization, Evaluation, Mitigation Restoration, and Management Strategy Performance (ASTM Special Technical Publication, 1442)
STP 1442 Contaminated Sediments: Characterization, Evaluation, ,noitarotseR~noitagitiM and Management Strategy Performance Jacques Locat, Rosa Galvez Cloutier, Ronald Chaney, and Kenneth Demars, editors ASTM Stock Number: STPI442 ASTM International 100 Barr Harbor Drive PO Box C700 INTERNATIONAL West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 Printed in the U.S.A. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ISBN: 0-8031-3466-5 Contaminated sediments : characterization, evaluation, mitigation/restoration, and management strategy performance / Jacques Locat...et al.. p. cm. -- (STP ; 1442) "ASTM stock number: STP 1442." "Second International Symposium on Contaminated Sediments ... in Quebec City, Canada on May 26-28 May 2003"--Foreword. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8031-3466-5 1. Contaminated sediments-Management-Congresses.2. Soil remediation-Congresses. .I Locat, Jacques. .1I International Symposium on Contaminated Sediments (2nd : 2003 : Quebec, Quebec) III. Series: ASTM special technical publication ; 1442. TD878.C663 2003 628.5'5-dc21 2003049606 Copyright (cid:14)9 2003 ASTM Intemational, West Conshohocken, PA. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or in part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or other distribution and storage media, without the written consent of the publisher. Photocopy Rights Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use, or the internal, personal, or educational classroom use of specific clients, is granted by ASTM International (ASTM) provided that the appropriate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923; Tel: 978-750-8400; online: http://www.copyright.com/. Peer Review Policy Each paper published in this volume was evaluated by two peer reviewers and at least one editor. The authors addressed all of the reviewers' comments to the satisfaction of both the technical editor(s) and the ASTM Intemational Committee on Publications. To make technical information available as quickly as possible, the peer-reviewed papers in this publication were prepared =camera-ready" as submitted by the authors. The quality of the papers in this publication reflects not only the obvious efforts of the authors and the technical editor(s), but also the work of the peer reviewers. In keeping with long-standing publication practices, ASTM International maintains the anonymity of the peer reviewers. The ASTM International Committee on Publications acknowledges with appreciation their dedication and contribution of time and effort on behalf of ASTM International. Printed in Ann Arbor, MI 3002 Foreword The Second International Symposium on Contaminated Sediments: Characterization, Evaluation, Mitigation/Restoration, and Management Strategy Performance in Quebec City, Canada on 26-28 May 2003 is sponsored by ASTM International Committee D18 on Soil and Rock. The symposium chairs and co-chairs of this publication are Jacques Locat, Laval University (CGS) and Rosa Galvez- Cloutier, Laval University (CSCE, ASTM); and Ronald C. Chaney, Humboldt State University (ASTM) and Kenneth Demars, University of Connecticut (ASTM). iii Contents OVERVIEW vii NOITCES I: SEDIMENT CHARACTERIZATION The Origin and Behavior of a Flood Capping Layer Deposited on Contaminated Sediments of the Sagnenay Fjord NmLIME---)cebeuQ( ,RmTELLEP NOTSAG ,SRmSORSED JACQUES LOCAT, ALFUNSO MUCCI, AND EN~L~IH TREMBLAY (KEYNOTE PAPER) The Weathering Behavior of Contaminated Industrial Sediments after Their Exposure to Atmospheric Oxygen~MICHAEL SCHUBERT, PETER ,NRETSNEGROM RAINER WENNRICH, KLAUS FREYER, ALBRECHT PASCHKE, DNA HOLGER WEISS 91 Deep-Freeze Sampling Methods for Soft SAIHTAM--stnemideS GNIKCIR DNA SAIBOT EZLUHCS 28 Quality Evaluation of Eutrophic Sediments at St. Augustin Lake, Quebec, Canada-- ROSA GALVEZ-CLOUTIER, MARIE-EVE BRIN, GERARDO ,ZEUGN1MOD SERGE LEROUEIL, AND SYLVAIN ARSENAULT 35 Trace Metal Levels in Nearshore Sediments Close to Industrial Discharges off Cuddalore (Bay of Bengal)---THRESIAMMA JOSEPH, K. K. BALACHANDRAN. MAHESWARI NAIR, V. KESAVADAS, K. K. C. NAIR, AND JOSEPH SEBASTIAN PAIMPILLIL 53 Randomization Tests: A Statistical Tool to Assess Heavy Metal Pollution in Car River Basin Sediments (RS, AIRAM----)lizarB AOUL .K ,SEUGIRDOR MARIA TERESA RAYA-RODRJGUEZ~ AND VALI~RIO D. PILLAR 62 Study of the Geochemical Distribution of Heavy Metals in Sediments in Areas Impacted by Coal Mining--ELBA .C ,ARIEXIET AIRAM AICUL .,KSEUGIRDOR MARTA F. C. ALVES, AND JANE R. BARBOSA 72 Characterization of a Catastrophic Flood Sediment Layer: Geological, Geotechnical, Biological, and Geochemical EN~L~tH----serutangiS ,YALBMERT NOTSAG ,SRESORSED JAQUES LOCAT, ALFONSO MUCCI, AND i~MILIEN PELLETIER 87 Characterization of Contaminated Sediments in Hamilton Harbour, Lake Ontario-- XELA J. ZEMAN AND TIMOTHY S. NOSRETTAP 201 vi CONTENTS In Situ Flume Measurements of Sediment Erodability in Saguenay Fjord (Quebec, Canada)---ANN-LAURE MOREAU, JACQUES LOCAT, PHILIP HILL, BERNARD LONG, AND YVON OUELLET 119 NOITCES II: MITIGATION AND RESTORATION METHODS Reclamation Using Waste Sediment by Sand Capping Technique--THIAM NOOS ,NAT GODAKURU P. KARUNARATNE, VICTOR CHOA, AND MYINT WIN BO (KEYNOTE PAPER) 41 Durability Study for Geotextile Tube Use in Talimu River Sediment Control-- DAVE TA-TEH CHANG, CHAO-PING SUNG, BOR-LING CHEN, AND NUAN-HSUAN HO 156 Factors Controlling Contaminant Transport Through the Flood Sediments of the Saguenay Fjord: Numerical Sensitivity ELLYBIS---sisylanA iREUD AND RENI~ THERRIEN 761 Steps for Restoration of a Polluted Egyptian Closed Lagoon on the Alexandria Mediterranean NAMSO---tsaoC .A SIYAR-LE 183 Rehabilitation of Brine-Saturated Sediments--MOiR .D ,GUAH .S EEL ,RUOBRAB AND CHRIS A. JOHNS 194 Use of Selective Sequential Extraction for the Remediation of Contaminated EN,PEHTAC--stnemideS N. MULLIGAN AND BEHNAZ DAHR AZMA 208 Effects of Overburden Stresses on Soil Reclamation by ElectroosmosiS--ANSM RIBAK AND MIGUEL PICORNELL 224 A Reactive Geocomposite to Remediate Contaminated, Subaqueous Sediments---THOMAS C. SHEAHAN, AKRAM ALSHAWABKEH, LORETTA A. FERNANDEZ, AND KAREN S. HENRY 236 NOITCES Ill: MONITORING AND PERFORMANCE Sediment Transport and Deposition Processes Near Ocean Outfalls in Southern California--HOMA J. LEE, MARLENE A. NOBLE, AND JINGPING XU (KEYNOTE PAPER) 253 Numerical Model for Contaminant Transport in Consolidating Sediments-- KCIRTAP J. FOX 266 Assessment of the Lead Release from Cables Buried in Sediments into the Water CoIumn--ANTONINA DEGTIAREVA, MARIA ELEKTOROWICZ, AND TAGH! EBAD! 282 Numerical Modeling of Hydrodynamic Circulation and Cohesive Sediment Transport in Hartwell Lake, South Carolina/Georgia, MENBE~--ASU lCLE DNA LUAP .A KROW 296 Retention of Heavy Metals in the Post '96 Flood Sediment Layer Deposited in the Saguenay River, Quebec, Canada--ROSA ,REITUOLC-ZEVLAG MAIRYM ,SIRUM JACQUES LOCAT, AND CYRIL BOURG 310 Index 323 Overview Recent advances in our understanding of contaminated sediments have been assembled in this Special Technical Publication, which is one of the major scientific contributions to the Second International Symposium on Contaminated Sediments held in Qurbec City from May 26 to 28, 2003. This volume is part of the overall technical program of ASTM Committee D 81 on soil and rocks. For many decades, waterways have been exposed to a wide variety of contaminants. Even if regu- lations and a better control of contaminants have been established to reduce their emission, many con- taminants are still present in bottom sediments. In fact, some of them are persistent and continue to pose a potential risk to the environment with direct and cumulative toxic impacts on aquatic life, or- ganisms, and eventually on human health. In recent years, major advances have been made in the study and understanding of contaminated sediments, particularly via major projects in areas such as Los Angeles, California, Saguenay Fjord in Quebec, and Singapore. The symposium covers the areas of sediment characterization, contaminant evaluation, mitiga- tion/restoration methods, and management strategy performance from the geological, geotechnicai, biological, and geophysical perspectives. It reviews recent advances in contaminated sediments-man- agement-related research and focuses on engineering aspects of contaminant transport, erosion, sta- bility, monitoring, and modeling. The main goal of the symposium is to identify both established and innovative physico-cbemical and biological tests and methods used to characterize and evaluate prop- erties and behavior of contaminated sediments, as well as the potential for contaminant transfer. The papers gathered in this publication cover the primary goal of the symposium and reflect re- search activities in many parts of the world. Keynote papers, selected for this volume, reflect recent work carried out on large coastal investigations (e.g., in the Los Angeles area), and on natural and ar- tificial capping of contaminated sediments. Other papers in this volume have been assembled into three groups: (!) sediment characterization, (2) mitigation and restoration methods, and (3) monitor- ing and performance. Each of these sections begins with the corresponding keynote paper. Sediment characterization of contaminated sediments has become more and more complex. It in- volves ex situ techniques from standard tests (e.g., physical properties) to biological analyses in addition to all the chemical analyses, but also in situ ones like erodability tests. Mitigation and restoration methods assembled herein are diversified and touch on many different environments from river sediments and harbor lagoons to land reclamation. It involves techniques ranging from the use of geotextiles and geocomposites to selective sequential extraction methods. The monitoring and per- formance aspects of contaminated sediments are largely supported by extensive site investigations, like the Southern California project, but also by the development of modeling tools. A few papers included in this volume summarize a five-year research effort aimed at evaluating the performance of a catastrophic capping layer resulting from the major 1996 Saguenay flood dis- aster that proved to be very beneficial to the Saguenay Fjord environment and ecosystem by cover- ing most of the ancient contaminated sediments! Finally, the editors would like to thank all contributing authors for their effort and timely response. This book represents the achievements of a process strongly supported by various learning societies or agencies, including ASTM International (Committee D-18), the Canadian Geotechnical Society, viii OVERVIEW the Canadian Society of Civil Engineering, the Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (St. Lawrence Chapter), and the National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada. The Editors are very grateful to Mrs. en~16H Tremblay, Secretary of the Symposium, and to Mrs. Crystal Kemp for their dedication towards ensuring the completion of this Special Technical Publication. Jacques Locat lavaL University )SGC( Rosa reituolC-zevlaG lavaL ytisrevinU ,ECSC( )MTSA Section I: Sediment Characterization Emilien Pelletier, ~ Gaston Desrosiers, 1 Jacques Locat, 2 Alfonso Mucci, 3 and en~16H Tremblay 2 The Origin and Behavior of a Flood Capping Layer Deposited on Contaminated Sediments of the Saguenay Fjord (Quebec) Reference: Pelletier, E., Desrosiers, G., Locat, J., Mucci, A., and Tremblay, H., "The Origin and Behavior of a Flood Capping Layer Deposited on Contaminated Sediments of the Saguenay Fjord (Quebec)," Contaminated :stnemideS ,noitaziretcarahC ,noitaulavE ,noitarotseR~noitagitiM and Management Strategy ,ecnamrofreP ASTMSTP ,2441 J. Locat, R. Galvez-Cloutier, R. C. Chaney, and K. R. Demars, Eds., ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2003. Abstract: The upper section of the Saguenay Fjord was impacted by a catastrophic flood in July 1996. Contaminated sediments were capped by a layer of clean silty post-glacial sediments with background levels of trace metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The capping layer was characterized by geotechnical and geochemical methods and its biological recolonization was monitored by annual sampling of the macrofauna. The strong dominance of surface deposit feeders Cirratulidae and Ampharetidae was observed at most stations in the first 2-3 years followed by carnivorous annelids such as Lumbrineridae and Nephtidae species indicating a well recolonized benthic habitat in the Baie des Ha!Ha!. The presence of benthic fauna was a major factor in modifying the density of sediments by physical mixing and irrigation, and in changing the surface roughness. The slope stability of the capping layer is considered as very good except in limited deltaic sectors at the head of the Baie des Ha!Ha! The new layer showed a good efficiency to isolate contaminated sediments from the sediment/water interface. Although manganese and iron were remobilized as the new layer became anoxic, mercury, arsenic and PAHs showed a very limited mobility through the flood layer which allowed geochemists to calculate the present fluxes of toxicants to the Baie des Ha!Ha! without interferences from older contaminated sediments trapped below the flood layer. The present flux of PAHs to bay (0.9 ng.cm'2.g q) is about 300 times lower than the 1974 flux dna 8 times lower than the 1986 flux. Keywords: Saguenay Fjord, flood layer, contaminated sediments, extreme meteorological event, biogeochernical barrier, metal remobilization, bioturbation, layer instability 'Professors, Institut des sciences de lamer (ISMER), Universit6 du Qu6bec Rimouski, 310 all6e des Ursulines, Rimouski (Que) Canada G5L 3AI. 2 Professor and post-doctoral fellow, respectively, D6partement de g6ologie et g6nie g6ologique, Universit6 Laval, Qu6bec (Que), Canada G1K 7P4. 3Professor, Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, McGill University, 3450,University St., Montreal (Que) Canada H3A 2A7. 3 Copyright (cid:14)9 2003 by ASTM International www.astm.org
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