Contaminated land: investigation, assessment and remediation PDF
Preview Contaminated land: investigation, assessment and remediation
Long-term hazard to drinking water resources from landfills Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved. Long-term hazard to drinking water resources from landfills Editors Peter Spillmann, University of Rostock, Germany Timo Do¨rrie, Federal Environment Agency Vienna, Austria Michael Struve, Professor Hartung þ Partners, Braunschweig, Germany TranslatedfromGermanbyNigelPye,NPServices,Maidstone,England TranslationeditedbyTam´asMeggyes,Universityof Wolverhampton,UKandICPHung´aria,Budapest,Hungary Sponsors GermanResearchFoundationDFG VolkswagenFoundation EUCommissionDGXI.E3 FederalMinistryofEconomicsandTechnologyBMWi Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved. PublishedbyThomasTelfordLimited,1HeronQuay,LondonE144JD,UK. www.thomastelford.com DistributorsforThomasTelfordbooksare USA:ASCEPress,1801AlexanderBellDrive,Reston,VA20191-4400 Australia:DABooksandJournals,648WhitehorseRoad,Mitcham3132,Victoria Firstpublished2009 AlsoavailablefromThomasTelfordLimited ICEDesignandPracticeGuide—ContaminatedLand:Investigation,AssessmentandRemediation, 2ndedition,J.StrangeandN.Langdon ISBN978-0-7277-3482-2 ThePracticalGuidetoWasteManagementLaw,R.G.P.HawkinsandH.S.Shaw ISBN978-0-7277-3275-0 GeoenvironmentalEngineering,editedbyR.N.YoungandH.R.Thomas ISBN978-0-7277-3277-4 Geosynthetics:ProtectingtheEnvironment,editedbyN.Dixon,D.M.Smith,J.R.Greenwoodand D.R.V.Jones ISBN978-0-7277-3234-7 EnvironmentalLawfortheConstructionIndustry,2ndedition,A.Stubbs ISBN978-0-7277-3095-4 AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:978-0-7277-3513-3 #ThomasTelfordPublishingLimited2009 Allrights,includingtranslation(exceptGerman),reserved.ExceptaspermittedbytheCopyright, DesignsandPatentsAct1988,nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Director, Knowledge Services, Thomas TelfordLimited,1HeronQuay,LondonE144JD. This book is published on the understanding that the authors are solely responsible for the statementsmadeandopinionsexpressedinitandthatitspublicationdoesnotnecessarilyimply that such statements and/or opinions are or reflect the views or opinions of the publishers. While every effort has been made to ensure that the statements made and the opinions expressedinthispublicationprovideasafeandaccurateguide,noliabilityorresponsibilitycan beacceptedinthisrespectbytheauthorsorpublishers. TypesetbyAcademicþTechnical,Bristol PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyAntonyRowe,Chippenham Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved. Contents Preface xviii Foreword xx Acknowledgements xxix Scientific institutions and their research groups to investigate waste bodies xxx Dimensions, symbols and abbreviations xxxiv Introduction xxxv 1 Object and concept of the research project 1 Peter Spillmann and Hans-Ju¨rgen Collins 1.1 Problem, 1 1.2 Basic experimental concept, 3 1.3 Areas of expertise, 5 1.4 Sponsoring theinvestigationsand validation of results,5 2 Central test facility and test procedure 7 Peter Spillmann and Hans-Ju¨rgen Collins 2.1 Scope of investigation, 7 2.2 Concept and location, 7 2.3 Selection of landfill types and waste materials, 8 2.3.1 Wastewithoutrecyclinginfluence — theBraunschweig- Watenbu¨ttel central facility, 8 2.3.2 Residual waste after different intensive recycling — Wolfsburg facility, 17 2.4 Constructing the central test facility, 21 v Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved. 2.4.1 Constructionconditionstofulfilthephysicalmodellaws and boundary conditions, 21 2.4.2 Building a lysimeter, 21 2.5 Arrangement of the lysimeters in the Braunschweig- Watenbu¨ttel central test facility and schedule of building and dismantling, 25 2.6 Experimentalchemicalandmicrobialcontamination,26 2.6.1 Contamination with chemicals, 26 2.6.2 Contamination with indicator germs, 30 2.7 Measurements and sampling, 31 2.7.1 Parameters determined, 31 2.7.2 Measurement method, 32 2.7.3 Sampling methods, 33 2.7.4 Waste removal from the lysimeter for tests, 37 2.7.4.1 Selectioncriteriafortheindividualinvestigationsteps,37 2.7.4.2 Execution of waste removal and accompanying measurements, 38 2.7.4.3 Removal process and explanation of the cross-sections found, 38 2.8 Model laws for conversion of the results to different large-scale designs, 42 2.8.1 Conversion model, 42 2.8.2 Conversion of water and solid balances, 42 2.8.2.1 Relationship between climatic water balance and precipitation input into the waste body, 42 2.8.2.2 Storage capacities and their changes by degradation processes, 43 2.8.3 Aerobic stabilisation of the waste body due to atmospheric oxygen diffusion, 45 2.8.3.1 Initial conditions, 45 2.8.3.2 Model law for aerobic stabilisation by oxygen diffusion, 46 2.8.3.3 Approximatecomparisonoflong-termoxygeninputinto old landfills — by filtrating precipitation — with oxygen supply due to diffusion, 51 3 Characterisation of long-term effects using physical measurements on water and solids balance 55 Peter Spillmann 3.1 Changes in mass, 55 vi Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved. 3.1.1 Changes in mass of the total waste with and without population equivalent sewage sludge, 55 3.1.2 Change in mass in residual wastes with different recycling influence, 58 3.2 Water balance, 60 3.2.1 Calculationofwaterbalancefromclimaticwater balance,60 3.2.2 Influence of recycling on the rainfall-discharge behaviour, 66 3.2.3 Example: calculation of the water balance of a waste body, 68 4 Detection of water movements, evaporation processes and water regeneration using environmental isotopes 2H and 18O 73 Piotr Maloszewski, HeribertMoser, Willibald Stichler and Peter Trimborn 4.1 Introduction to the investigation method, 73 4.2 Performing of the investigations, 75 4.2.1 Test programme, 75 4.2.2 Assessment methods, 77 4.2.3 Assessment of test results to describe long-term procedures, 82 4.2.4 Measurement of short-term hydraulic events, 85 4.3 Results, 87 4.3.1 Long-term processes, 87 4.3.2 Short-termwater movementsin thetotal waste (Lys.2, 3, 5, 6/10, 7 and 9, Braunschweig-Watenbu¨ttel), 88 4.3.3 Short-term water movements in residual waste (Lys. A—E, Wolfsburg), 91 4.4 Interpretation of the results, 93 4.4.1 Recapitulatory assessment of the hydraulic tests, 93 4.4.2 Proof of water generation due to degradation processes, 94 4.5 Summaryoftheresultsfromtheisotopeinvestigation,96 5 Characterisation of flow path emissions using waste-water parameters 98 Klaus Kruse and Peter Spillmann 5.1 Objectives and methods of the investigations, 98 vii Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved. 5.1.1 Objectives of waste-water analysis, 98 5.1.2 Selection of the tested landfill types, 99 5.1.3 Selection of the analytical parameters, 100 5.1.4 Scheme of illustration, 101 5.2 Leachate contamination of natural origin from municipal solid waste without recycling influence and without industrial contamination, 104 5.2.1 Selection of non-contaminated landfill types, 104 5.2.2 Illustration and explanation of the results, 104 5.3 Leachate contamination from natural substances under the influence of typical industrial residues, 112 5.3.1 Objective of the analysis and selection of landfill types, 112 5.3.2 Illustration and explanation of the results, 113 5.4 Comparison of leachate contamination from waste bodies with and without industrial contamination to determine the industrial influence on the degradation process, 120 5.5 Influence of recycling on leachate contaminated from natural origins, 126 5.5.1 Objectives of the investigation and selection of landfill types, 126 5.5.2 Assessment method, 126 5.5.3 Selection of parameters, 127 5.5.4 Illustration and explanation of the results, 127 6 Transportation of industrial contamination in the flow path 143 6.1 Typical residues of industrial production, 143 Hans-Hermann Rump, Wilhelm Schneider, Heinz Gorbauch, Key Herklotz and Peter Spillmann 6.1.1 Deposits in the total waste, 143 6.1.1.1 Form of illustration, 143 6.1.1.2 Transportation of non-degradable elements, 143 6.1.1.3 Emission of potentially biochemically degradable industrial contamination, 147 6.1.1.4 Checking of hydraulic influences on emissions, 149 6.1.2 Effect of recycling on mobilisation and transportation, 155 viii Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved. 6.2 Pesticides simazin and lindane — examples of toxic industrial products, 156 HenningNordmeyer,WilfriedPestemerandKeyHerklotz 6.2.2 Influence of landfill technology and extent of contaminationontheemissionsfromthetotalwaste,158 6.2.2.1 Contamination of leachates from standard compacted landfills, 158 6.2.2.2 Contamination of leachates from decomposition- landfills with extensive stabilisation, 162 6.2.2.3 Comparison of transportation and relocation, 165 6.2.3 Effect of recycling on the emissions, 168 6.2.3.1 Change of sorption, 168 6.2.3.2 Transportation by leachate, 170 6.2.3.3 Investigation of solids for relocation, 170 6.2.4 Conclusions, 171 7 Microbiological investigations to characterise stabilisation processes in landfills 173 Wolfgang Neumeier and Eberhard Ku¨ster 7.1 Objective, 173 7.2 Materials and methods, 174 7.2.1 Preliminary comment on criteria selection and their description, 174 7.2.2 Sampling the waste bodies, 174 7.2.3 Microbiological test methods, 174 7.2.4 Biochemical test methods, 176 7.2.5 Chemical and physico-chemical test methods, 176 7.2.6 Enzymatic activities, 177 7.3 Classification and presentation of the results, 179 7.4 Stabilisation and degradation processes in the total waste, short and medium-term processes (5 years), 180 7.4.1 Population dynamics, metabolic activity and humification effect without the influence of spiked industrial wastes, 180 7.4.1.1 Landfillconstructionin2-mstageswithearthcover(silt containing sand), 180 7.4.1.2 Landfill construction in 0.50-m layers without cover (thin layer placement), 187 7.4.1.3 Extensive biochemical degradation before compacting the waste, 189 ix Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved. 7.4.1.4 Effectof differentlandfilltechnologiesonthereduction of potential methane generation, 191 7.4.1.5 Influence of site-related high precipitation on microbial activity, 193 7.4.2 Change of the population dynamics of microorganisms due to spiked industrial wastes in high contamination stage, 194 7.4.2.1 Municipal waste, non-mixed, placed in a highly compacted state in a 2-m stage with earth cover (Lys. 9), 194 7.4.2.2 Municipal waste intensively mixed with sewage sludge and extensive chemical addition and loosely arranged for decomposition (Lys. 10), 195 7.4.3 Investigating the influence of cyanide on biochemical degradation and decontamination processes, 197 7.4.3.1 Objective, 197 7.4.3.2 Execution of the investigation, 197 7.4.3.3 Influencing the population dynamics of microorganisms, 197 7.4.3.4 Effects on metabolic activities of microorganisms, 201 7.4.3.5 Pollutant tolerance of microbial isolates from sludge- free, anaerobic municipal waste (Lys. 2) and from an aerobic sewage sludge waste mix (Lys. 6/10), 203 7.4.3.6 CN(cid:1)-degradation tests on isolates from anaerobic municipal waste (Lys. 2) and an aerobic sewage sludge waste mix (Lys. 6/10), 206 7.5 Investigations into the long-term behaviour of the total waste, 208 7.5.1 Microbial colonisation, 208 7.5.2 Respiration activity and reactivation ability, 212 7.5.3 Stability of organic substance, 213 7.6 Influence of recycling on biochemical degradation, 213 7.6.1 Investigated landfill types and recycling stages, 213 7.6.2 Microbial colonisation, 214 7.6.3 Parameters of biochemical activity, 215 7.6.3.1 Respiration activity, 215 7.6.3.2 Methane generation, 218 7.6.3.3 Autogenous heating capability, 219 7.6.3.4 Dehydrogenase activity, 220 7.6.3.5 Alkaline and acidic phosphatase, 221 7.6.4 Chemico-physical stability parameters of solids, 222 x Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved. 7.6.4.1 Decrease in the organic substance, 222 7.6.4.2 Alkalinity and conductivity, 222 7.6.5 Leachate parameters to characterise stability, 223 7.6.5.1 Investigation objectives, 223 7.6.5.2 Enzymatic activities, 223 7.6.5.3 Physiological groups of microorganisms, 225 7.6.5.4 Comparisonofmicrobialcolonisationbetweensolidand leachate, 227 7.7 Interpretation of the test results, 227 7.7.1 Transferability of the results to real landfills, 227 7.7.2 Conclusions from the detailed medium-term investigations, 228 7.7.2.1 Waste without industrial contamination, 228 7.7.2.2 Effect of industrial contamination, 230 7.7.3 Checking the extrapolation of intensive medium-term measurements by extensive long-term measurements, 231 8 Checking biochemical stability using reactivation measures on selected deposits 233 8.1 Objectives, 233 8.2 Criterion selection, 234 8.3 Municipal solid waste without industrial contamination and without biological pre-treatment, 235 8.3.1 Selection of landfill type, 235 8.3.2 Landfill engineering assessment, 236 Friederike Brammer and Hans-Ju¨rgen Collins 8.3.3 Chemical analysis of toxic residues, 239 Jan Gunschera, J¨org Fischer, Wilhelm Lorenz and M¨ufit Bahadir 8.3.3.1 BTX aromatics and very volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons, 239 8.3.3.2 Medium and semivolatile hydrocarbons, 240 8.3.3.3 Organic acids, chloro and alkyl phenols, 240 8.3.3.4 Semivolatile substances (phthalates, PAH, triazines), 241 8.3.3.5 TOC contents, 242 8.3.3.6 Element contents, 243 8.3.3.7 Summary of the chemical investigation, 244 8.3.4 Biological assessment of stability, 244 MartinKucklick,PeterHarborthandHans-HelmutHanert xi Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved.
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