Contact Dermatitis PDF
Preview Contact Dermatitis
00_001_024_Titelei******* 13.11.2005 12:38 Uhr Seite I P.J.Frosch T.Menné J.-P.Lepoittevin Editors Contact Dermatitis 4th Edition 00_001_024_Titelei******* 13.11.2005 12:38 Uhr Seite III P.J.Frosch T.Menné J.-P.Lepoittevin Editors Contact Dermatitis 4th Edition With 345 Figures,238 in Color and 180 Tables 00_001_024_Titelei******* 13.11.2005 12:38 Uhr Seite IV Frosch,Peter J.,Professor (e-mail:[email protected]) Klinikum Dortmund gGmbH,Hautklinik Lehrstuhl Dermatologie der Universität Witten/Herdecke Beurhausstr.40,44137 Dortmund,Germany Menné,Torkil,Professor Dr. (e-mail:[email protected]) Dermatologisk afdeling K,Amtssygehuset Gentofte 2900 Hellerup,Denmark Lepoittevin,Jean-Pierre,Professor (e-mail:[email protected]) Laboratoire de Dermato-Chimie Clinique Dermatologique,CHU 67091 Strasbourg Cedex,France Originally published under Rycroft,R.J.G. Library of Congress Control Number:2005926892 ISBN-10 3-540-24471-9 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN-13 978-3-540-24471-4 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York 3rd Edition ISBN 3-540-66842-X Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright.All rights are reserved,whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation,reprinting,reuse of illustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproduction on microfilm or in any other way,and storage in data banks.Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is per- mitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9,1965,in its current version,and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer.Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springer.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2006 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names,registered names,trademarks,etc.in this publication does not imply,even in the absence of a specific statement,that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and reg- ulations and therefore free for general use. Product liability:the publishers cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about dosage and applica- tion contained in this book.In every individual case the user must check such information by consulting the rel- evant literature. Editor:Marion Philipp,Heidelberg,Germany Desk Editor:Ellen Blasig,Heidelberg,Germany Cover:Frido-Steinen-Broo,EStudio,Calamar,Spain Typesetting:K.Detzner,67346 Speyer,Germany Printed on acid-free paper 24/3151ML 5 4 3 2 1 0 00_001_024_Titelei******* 13.11.2005 12:38 Uhr Seite V Dedication To Kelly for her continuous support of my scientific activities. Peter J.Frosch 00_001_024_Titelei******* 13.11.2005 12:38 Uhr Seite VII Preface It is an unusual event for a textbook covering such a national and international networks and the use of highly specialized field as contact dermatitis to be standardized methodology, a highly differentiated published in its fourth edition within a time period picture can now be painted;we know the major pro- of 13 years.When the European and Environmental fessions at risk,as well as the influences of age and Contact Dermatitis Research Group was founded in various cofactors.This is a solid basis for preventive 1985,one ofthe major goals was to edit a textbook of measures.A new allergen, described in one center, high scientific standard written by renown experts can now be tested on a large scale in a short time and keep it regularly updated. The greatest danger period.Ifthe data evaluation shows an unacceptably for a textbook is to become outdated – then it stays high rate ofsensitization in the exposed population, on the bookshelfand is rarely consulted.The contin- regulatory measures will be undertaken to protect uous flow of new medicaments, the fascinating the consumer.A recent example is the “methyldibro- improvements in diagnostic image analysis and ever- mo glutaronitrile story.” changing operative procedures are the reasons for These and other issues ofimportance are covered considerable knowledge deficits in old textbooks, in depth in the newest edition of this textbook.All often painfully experienced by young colleagues who chapters have been revised,many ofthem complete- look for advice in practice. ly rewritten or considerably expanded. In order to The sub-specialty ofdermatology,contact derma- increase the didactic value “core messages”are pro- titis,has shown an impressive development over the vided as often as possible. Furthermore, in some last three decades. Scientific research groups have clinical chapters instructive case reports are given. been founded in all major countries, national and As the novice is often lost in the jungle ofreferences international conferences are held at regular inter- many authors have highlighted “Suggested reading” vals,and several journals – peer reviewed and listed as valuable and pertinent literature. in data banks – are exclusively focusing on various Many new color figures have been added – most aspects of contact dermatitis. The leading journal spectacular are those ofthe “temporary black henna “Contact Dermatitis”has an impact factor of1.7 and tattoos”– some have to pay a high price with a life- thus belongs in the ten top journals ofdermatology. long sensitization to p-phenylenediamine (including One parameter of research quality is the number multiple cross-reactions) for this fad. ofacquired grants.Ifone leaves through the journals Many of those buying this textbook will also it is evident that our sub-specialty gets a great share teach.Springer-Verlag and the editors would like to of national and international research funds. A be of assistance in this task and therefore provide a recent example is the multicenter research project on CD-ROM containing all clinical photographs and fragrances supported by the European Union with a important diagrams. considerable amount for 6 years. The editors are very grateful to all contributors.In Modern research in contact dermatitis is more times where the impact factor is an important incen- than patch testing! In nearly every issue of“Contact tive for publishing activities it is often difficult to Dermatitis” a new allergen is described. Starting motivate colleagues to write a book chapter.In our with the observation ofa keen clinician the culprit is pursuit ofcontinuous improvement we would like to characterized in cooperation with chemists after ask all readers to comment and suggest further top- elaborative bioassay-guided investigations. Contact ics to be covered by the next edition ofthis textbook. dermatitis is one of the major problems in occupa- Last but not least we would like to thank Springer- tional skin diseases. There, the differentiation Verlag, particularly Marina Litterer, for excellent between “irritant” and “allergic” is of high impor- support ofthis project. tance and may have profound consequences for the affected individual.In the past,reliable data on epi- July 2005 demiology were very limited.After the foundation of The Editors 00_001_024_Titelei******* 13.11.2005 12:38 Uhr Seite IX Foreword to the Third Edition So here it is,the third edition in nine years.This fre- pioneers but also to acknowledge the scientific build- quent revision ofa textbook is well motivated by the ingstones which form the basis of present progress. impressive growth ofthe subspecialty. During the last two decades major improvements The growth has been catalyzed by 1) the formation have taken place in the prevention ofcontact derma- of national and international groups of clinicians titis e.g. by controlling occupational environments and scientists interested in contact allergy and con- (exposure to water and surfactants); by diminishing tact dermatitis;2) the scientific production each year the presence ofallergens (formaldehyde in clothing, of 50–100 original articles in the journal Contact methylisothiazolinones as preservatives, nickel in Dermatitis alone as well as papers and symposia at clothing and jewelry);and by changing the chemistry the flourishing European conferences;3) the forma- of allergens (chromates in cement). Read and re- tion in many clinical departments ofspecial units for spect! environmental and occupational dermatology. Immunological and biotechnical research has re- Early textbooks were the result of an amazing cently given important contributions, presented one-man/woman effort (Fisher,Cronin) and are still here,so that the pathogenesis ofallergic as well as ir- gold-mines of personally collected experiences.The ritant contact dermatitis now is more fully under- present text emanates from world experts with spe- stood.The etiological diagnostics in individual cases cial knowledge in a particular field.Because of the has developed, not only by improving the century- impressive development in several areas the volume old patch test method (new allergens, test reading has extended,the number ofpages having increased routines, occlusive and non-occlusive alternatives), by a third since the first edition. but also by introducing new investigative methods, It goes without saying that the text is primarily e.g.non-invasive ones for the inflammatory process, clinical.It might be presumed that contact dermatitis and modern analytical techniques for chemicals could be easily described on half a page.The great such as allergens in colophony,fragrances and plas- variation in clinical pattern,however,is amazing with tics.The final tables on contact allergens with advice regard to individual lesions and the grouping of le- for choice of test vehicle and concentration consti- sions which are regularly influenced by the body re- tute an enormous source of practical information. gion,by the particular irritant or allergen,or by the Read and do it yourself! route and way ofexposure,including the various ex- The comprehensive text provides a wealth of in- pressions of systemic contact dermatitis.You learn formation for those particularly interested in and with surprise that discoveries are still being made in working with patients suffering from contact derma- this purely clinical field.Read and get wiser! titis.It should,however,be available to all dermatolo- Historical aspects on contact dermatitis are con- gists,the disease being a great mimic ofother derma- tinuously given in the running text.We need to keep toses.Read and enjoy! in mind the fundamental knowledge acquired during the last century,not just to remember names of the Halvor Möller 00_001_024_Titelei******* 13.11.2005 12:38 Uhr Seite XI Foreword to the Second Edition The growth ofcontact dermatitis as a subspecialty of movable,cause ofa recurring,disabling disease.With dermatology has been impressive in the past couple the assistance ofthe information that is so prolifical- of decades.Each new textbook that is published re- ly available in this text, physicians will be able to flects the considerable increase in information com- bring help to many ofthese patients. ing from many parts ofthe world.An important ad- The 22 chapters ofthis volume cover every aspect vance was made 3 years ago with the appearance of ofcontact dermatitis,even including the addresses of this new comprehensive textbook, brought to frui- physicians worldwide who work in this field. This tion from the contributions ofnearly all the workers work brings together dermatologists from many dif- active in this field throughout Europe. ferent countries and is an excellent example of what In the Foreword to the first edition,Dr.Etain Cro- can be accomplished by the cooperation of those nin described the greatest pitfalls ofpatch testing as from a variety ofnationalities and languages;truly a the lack of knowledge in selecting the correct aller- ”European union”ofcontact dermatology! gen and the difficulty encountered in interpreting the The editors,including the late Dr.Claude Benezra, results.It is works such as this that bring together the worked with devotion and care in the creation ofthis knowledge of the past,in such a way that the read- fine book.Dr.Rycroft,especially,deserves congratu- er/investigator can have readily available the infor- lations for bringing everyone together and organiz- mation necessary to study the patients, patch test ing this textbook,which will surely remain a model them, and interpret the results with accuracy and ofits kind for many years. precision.Millions ofpatients worldwide experience contact dermatitis each year; not nearly enough of Robert M.Adams,M.D. them are studied in detail to determine the precise Department ofDermatology Stanford University cause oftheir affliction.In almost no other branch of Medical Center medicine is it possible to pinpoint a specific,often re- Stanford,CA 94035,USA 00_001_024_Titelei******* 13.11.2005 12:38 Uhr Seite XIII Foreword to the First Edition Ideally every patient with eczema should be patch ginning with its history and even concluding with the tested and the importance of this investigation is names and addresses ofthose worldwide who have a now universally accepted.The simplicity ofthe tech- specific interest in the subject.The text is illustrated nique belies its many pitfalls, the greatest being to and well laid out;it has been broken up into clearly lack the knowledge required to select the correct al- demarcated sections making it easy to read and its lergens and to interpret the results.The introduction, information readily accessible. One’s own writing nearly 20 years ago,of the journal Contact Derma- concentrates the mind but editing the texts of au- titis greatly stimulated the reporting of the clinical thors from so many different countries was a task of side ofcontact dermatitis but a vast amount oflabor- considerable proportions.The editors are greatly to atory work has also been published in other journals be congratulated, particularly Dr. Rycroft who has on the mechanisms and theory of these reactions. worked tirelessly to mould this multi-authored book The literature on the subject is now quite vast and a into an integrated whole.This Textbook of Contact comprehensive book on the clinical and research as- Dermatitis is an impressive achievement; it will in- pects of contact dermatitis has been sorely needed. struct and help all who read it and stimulate many to This textbook was carefully planned to gather to- take a greater interest in this fascinating subject. gether what is known of the subject into a cohesive whole and it has succeeded admirably.It consists of 22 chapters written by 41 contributors,each selected Etain Cronin for their special study of particular subjects. Every St John’s Institute ofDermatology feature of contact dermatitis has been covered,be- St Thomas’s Hospital London SE1 7EH,UK 00_001_024_Titelei******* 13.11.2005 12:38 Uhr Seite XV Contents 1 Historical Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9 Individual Predisposition to Irritant Jean-Marie Lachapelle and Allergic Contact Dermatitis . . . 127 Tove Agner,Torkil Menné Part I 10 Epidemiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Basic Features Pieter-Jan Coenraads, Thomas Diepgen,Wolfgang Uter, 2 Mechanisms Axel Schnuch,Olaf Gefeller in Allergic Contact Dermatitis . . . . . 11 Thomas Rustemeyer, Part III Ingrid M.W.van Hoogstraten, Dermatotoxicology B.Mary E.von Blomberg, Rik J.Scheper 11 Skin Penetration . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 3 Molecular Aspects Hans Schaefer, of Allergic Contact Dermatitis . . . . . 45 Thomas E.Redelmeier Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin 12 Predictive Tests for Irritants 4 Mechanisms and Allergens and their Use of Irritant Contact Dermatitis . . . . . 69 in Quantitative Risk Assessment . . . . 179 Steen Lisby,Ole Baadsgaard David Basketter,Ian Kimber 5 Immediate Contact Reactions . . . . . 83 13 Allergic Contact Dermatitis Arto Lahti,David Basketter in Humans – Experimental and Quantitative Aspects . . . . . . 189 6 Mechanisms of Phototoxic Jeanne Duus Johansen, and Photoallergic Reactions . . . . . . 97 Peter J.Frosch,Torkil Menné Renz Mang,Helger Stege, Jean Krutmann Part IV Clinical Features Part II Pathology 14 General Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Niels K.Veien 7 Histopathological and Immunohistopathological Features 15 Clinical Aspects of Irritant and Allergic Contact of Irritant Contact Dermatitis . . . . . 255 Dermatitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Peter J.Frosch,Swen Malte John Jean-Marie Lachapelle, Liliane Marot 16 Systemic Contact Dermatitis . . . . . . 295 Niels K.Veien,Torkil Menné 8 Ultrastructure of Irritant and Allergic Contact Dermatitis . . . . 117 17 Phototoxic and Photoallergic Reactions 309 Carolyn M.Willis Roy A.Palmer,Ian R.White
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