Table Of Content

Construction Materials Fourth edition The biggest thing university taught me was that, with perseverance and a book, you can do anything you want to. It doesn’t matter what the subject is; once you’ve learnt how to study, you can do anything you want. George Laurer, inventor of the barcode Construction Materials Their nature and behaviour Fourth edition Edited by Peter Domone and John Illston First published as Concrete Timber and Metals 1979 by Chapman and Hall Second edition published 1994 by Chapman and Hall Third edition published 2001 by Spon Press This edition published 2010 by Spon Press 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Spon Press 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2010. To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk. Spon Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2010 Spon Press All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. This publication presents material of a broad scope and applicability. Despite stringent efforts by all concerned in the publishing process, some typographical or editorial errors may occur, and readers are encouraged to bring these to our attention where they represent errors of substance. The publisher and author disclaim any liability, in whole or in part, arising from information contained in this publication. The reader is urged to consult with an appropriate licensed professional prior to taking any action or making any interpretation that is within the realm of a licensed professional practice. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Construction materials : their nature and behaviour / [edited by] Peter Domone and J. M. Illston. – 4th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. 1. Building materials. I. Domone, P. L. J. II. Illston, J. M. TA403.C636 2010 624.1′8–dc22 2009042708 ISBN 0-203-92757-5 Master e-book ISBN ISBN10: 0-415-46515-X (hbk) ISBN10: 0-415-46516-8 (pbk) ISBN10: 0-203-92757-5 (ebk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-46515-1 (hbk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-46516-8 (pbk) ISBN13: 978-0-203-92757-1 (ebk) Contents Contributors ix Acknowledgements xi Preface xiii Part 1 Fundamentals 1 Revised and updated by Peter Domone, with acknowledgements to the previous authors, Bill Biggs, Ian McColl and Bob Moon Introduction 1 1 Atoms, bonding, energy and equilibrium 3 2 Mechanical properties of solids 16 3 The structure of solids 30 4 Fracture and toughness 37 5 Liquids, viscoelasticity and gels 41 6 Surfaces 45 7 Electrical and thermal properties 50 Further reading for Part 1 52 Part 2 metals and alloys 53 Revised and updated by Peter Domone, with acknowledgements to the previous authors, Bill Biggs, Ian McColl and Bob Moon Introduction 53 8 Deformation and strengthening of metals 55 9 Forming of metals 60 10 Oxidation and corrosion 63 11 Iron and steel 68 12 Aluminium 78 Further reading for Part 2 81 Part 3 ConCrete 83 Peter Domone Introduction 83 13 Portland cements 87 14 Admixtures 99 15 Additions 105 16 Other types of cement 109 v Contents 17 Aggregates for concrete 114 18 Properties of fresh concrete 120 19 Early age properties of concrete 127 20 Deformation of concrete 133 21 Strength and failure of concrete 148 22 Concrete mix design 162 23 Non-destructive testing of hardened concrete 169 24 Durability of concrete 175 25 Special concretes 196 26 Recycling of concrete 203 Further reading for Part 3 205 Part 4 Bituminous materials 209 Gordon Airey Introduction 209 27 Components of bituminous materials 211 28 Viscosity, stiffness and deformation of bituminous materials 218 29 Strength and failure of bituminous materials 224 30 Durability of bituminous structures 229 31 Design and production of bituminous materials 235 32 Recycling of bituminous materials 241 Further reading for Part 4 245 Part 5 masonry: BriCkwork, BloCkwork and stonework 247 Bob de Vekey Introduction 247 33 Materials and components for masonry 249 34 Masonry construction and forms 270 35 Structural behaviour and movement of masonry 276 36 Non-structural physical properties of masonry 287 37 Deterioration and conservation of masonry 291 Further reading for Part 5 300 Part 6 Polymers 305 Len Hollaway Introduction 305 38 Polymers: types, properties and applications 307 Part 7 FiBre ComPosites 317 Introduction 317 section 1: Polymer composites 319 Len Hollaway Introduction 319 39 Fibres for polymer composites 321 40 Analysis of the behaviour of polymer composites 328 vi Contents 41 Manufacturing techniques for polymer composites used in construction 338 42 Durability and design of polymer composites 342 43 Applications of FRP composites in civil engineering 348 Bibliography 364 section 2: Fibre-reinforced cements and concrete 365 Phil Purnell Introduction 365 44 Terminology for FRC 367 45 Component materials 369 46 Interface and bonding 375 47 Reinforcement layouts 377 48 Mechanical behaviour of FRC 380 49 Manufacturing of FRC 389 50 Applications 392 51 Durability and recycling 396 Part 8 timBer 403 John Dinwoodie Introduction 403 52 Structure of timber and the presence of moisture 405 53 Deformation in timber 434 54 Strength and failure in timber 457 55 Durability of timber 478 56 Processing and recycling of timber 487 Further reading for Part 8 506 Part 9 Glass 507 Graham Dodd Introduction 507 57 Manufacture and processing 509 58 Properties and performance 519 59 Design and applications 523 60 Service and end of life 527 Part 10 seleCtion and sustainaBle use oF ConstruCtion materials 529 Peter Domone Introduction 529 61 Mechanical properties of materials 531 62 Sustainability and construction materials 535 Further reading for Part 10 550 Index 551 vii Contributors Professor Gordon Airey Dr Phil Purnell Nottingham Transportation Engineering Centre School of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering University of Leeds University of Nottingham Woodhouse Lane University Park Leeds Nottingham LS2 9JT NG7 2RD (Fibre-reinforced cements and composites) (Bituminous materials) Dr Bob de Vekey Professor John Dinwoodie 215 Hempstead Road 16 Stratton Road Watford Princes Risborough Herts Bucks WD17 3HH HP27 9BH (Masonry) (Timber) Graham Dodd G d airey Arup Materials Consulting Gordon Airey is Professor of Pavement Engineer- 13 Fitzroy Steet ing Materials at the University of Nottingham and London Deputy Director of the Nottingham Transportation W1T 4BQ Engineering Centre (NTEC). After graduating from (Glass) the University of Cape Town with a First-Class Honours Degree in Civil Engineering, he worked Dr Peter Domone for a major research organisation in South Africa Dept of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic before taking a research associate position at the Engineering University of Nottingham. He obtained his Ph.D. University College London from the University of Nottingham in 1997 before Gower St being appointed to the academic staff in the Depart- London ment of Civil Engineering in 1998. Professor Airey’s WC1E 6BT research is in the field of pavement engineering with (Editor and Fundamentals, Metals and particular emphasis on the rheological character- alloys, Concrete, and Selection, use and isation and durability of bituminous materials. He sustainability) has over a hundred and fifty technical publications and has attracted financial support from research Professor Len Hollaway councils, government and industry. Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences University of Surrey J m dinwoodie oBe Guildford Professor John Dinwoodie graduated in Forestry from Surrey the University of Aberdeen, and was subsequently GU2 7XH awarded his M.Tech. in Non-Metallic Materials (Polymers, Polymer composites) from Brunel University, and both his Ph.D. and D.Sc. ix

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Construction materials : their nature and behaviour / [edited by]. Peter Domone and J. M. Illston . being appointed to the academic staff in the Depart- ment of Civil .. that allow the prediction of behaviour outside the range of normal