Construction

412 Pages·2008·4.78 MB·English

Beyond
Construction
U S E B Y A L L
A collection of case studies from sanitation and
hygiene promotion practitioners in South Asia

Beyond
Construction
U S E B Y A L L
A collection of case
studies from sanitaion and
hygiene promotion
practitioners in South Asia
Published by:
WaterAid
47-49 Durham Street
London SE 11 5JD
T: [phone]
F: [phone]
E: [email protected]
Registered charity numbers 288701
(England and Wales) and SC039479 (Scotland)
IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre
P.O. Box 2869
2601 CW Delft, the Netherlands
T: [phone]
F: [phone]
E: [email protected]
First published March 2008
Editorial team
James Wicken, Joep Verhagen, Christine Sijbesma, Carmen Da Silva, Peter Ryan
Creative inputs to design
Anita Pradhan, WaterAid in Nepal
Design and processed by
Power Communication
ISBN:978-9937-2-0472-9
Soft copies of this publication and individual case studies are available at
www.irc.nl and www.wateraid.org
Copyright
Copyright © 2008 IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre and WaterAid
Permission is hereby granted for reproduction and adaptation of this material, in
whole or in part, for educational, scientific or development-related purposes except
those involving commercial sale. When reproducing these materials, please give full
citation to the source.
Foreword
Nowhere in the world are there larger numbers of people in need of adequate sanitation and
hygiene services than in Asia. In South Asia alone, almost 1 billion people do not have access to
safe, improved sanitation. Political awareness of the enormity of the problem is growing, as is
the recognition of the direct links between sanitation and hygiene on the one hand, and devel-
opment and poverty reduction on the other. As a result of this, the amount of funds invested in
the sector is slowly rising, new sanitation policies are being developed, and large-scale programmes
devised and implemented. South Asia is at the forefront of this, with a number of approaches
being pioneered that show great promise for replication, notably the Community Led Total
Sanitation approach.
But sanitation is a difficult thing to get right, and this rise in commitment, especially when
coupled with a rise in delivery speed, could easily lead to more failure, more unused or unsafe
latrines and unsustainable services. The practice of monitoring progress, sharing and learning,
and continuously seeking to improve programmes based on lessons learnt, is crucial to ensuring
success. Of special importance in this, are the practitioners who stand firmly with their feet on
the ground, talk from personal experience, and have a direct stake in improving their programmes.
These practitioners were the participants of this workshop. As can be read in this report, many
of the issues they raised have far-reaching policy and strategy implications, and will require not
only more research but also concerted advocacy efforts to raise their profile. The speed of
urbanisation coupled with the scale of the urban slums accounts for an ever growing amount of
faeces let loose in the urban environment. While a lot of work is ongoing to find the most
effective and efficient way of collecting the faeces, not enough emphasis is placed on the rest of
the sanitation chain, i.e. storage, disposal, treatment, etc. In rural areas, the current success of
demand-driven approaches requires a stable supply chain and sufficient service providers, but
needs a strong system of quality control. These are just some of the issues that require more
research and more experience.
The Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council has long provided space and opportunity
to practitioners and other stakeholders to come together to discuss, debate, share and learn. It
actively supports the notion of networking, be it through thematic working groups, through
national WASH coalitions, or through Communities of Practice. WSSCC has been proud to contrib-
ute to this workshop and the ensuing book, and intends to continue its support to these and
similar initiatives. I would like to thank IRC, WaterAid and BRAC for taking the lead in organizing
this event, and congratulate them on organising it so well.
Jon Lane
Executive Director
Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council
Contents
Overview of the workshop
1. Beyond construction: Use by all - An overview of a South Asian sanitation
and hygiene practitioners’ workshop 1
Urban sanitation
2. Functionality and sustainability of community latrines under the
Advancing Sustainable Environmental Health urban programme 13
3. Development of community-based sanitation infrastrcutrue in Hasanpura, Faisalabad 27
4. Subsidy and sustainability in urban sanitation: The case of Quetta Katchi Abadis
Environment Management Programme 1997-2003 45
5. Ecological sanitation latrines: The experience of Nepal 60
6. Sanitation, water and hygiene programme in Faridpur 78
7. Decentralised wastewater management using constructed wetlands 86
8. Mapping as a basis for sanitation implementation in Pakistan:
The case of the Orangi Pilot Project 95
Rural sanitation
9. School Led Total Sanitation: A successful model to promote school and community
sanitation and hygiene in Nepal 113
10. India's national sanitation and hygiene programme: From experience to policy
West Bengal and Maharashtra models provide keys to success 126
11. Community Led Total Sanitation Approach:
Some personal field experiences from Bangladesh 148
12. BRAC WASH programme 157
13. Sustainable Community Owned Total Sanitation 169
14. School led sanitation promotion:
Helping achieve total sanitation outcomes in Azad Jammu and Kashmir 181
15. Community Led Total Sanitation in Pakistan 190
16. Promoting sanitation through decentralised governance:
A case study of Rajukhedi Panchayat in India 201
17. Preventing corruption, encouraging transparency and
accountability in the water and sanitation sector: A case study from Kerala, India 212
18. "Money down the pan?" Community level models for
financing sanitation in rural Nepal 231
19. The reuse of human excreta in Bangladesh 247
20. Moving up the sanitation ladder: A participatory study of the drivers
of sustainability and progress in Community Led Total Sanitation 263
Hygiene promotion
21. Menstrual hygiene: Breaking the silence 283
22. Journey towards changing behaviour: Evolution of hygiene education in Bangladesh 288
23. Assessment of hygiene communication plan in the aftermath
of the 2005 earthquake in Pakistan 321
24. Creating user-friendly water and sanitation services for the disabled:
The experience of WaterAid Nepal and its partners 343
General
25. Sanitation and hygiene in South Asia: Progress and challenges 358
Abbreviations and Acronyms
CCDU Communication & Capacity Development
Unit
ABR Anaerobic Baffle Reactor CCL Community Cluster Latrines
ADB Asian Development Bank CDD-Wat-San Control of Diarrhoeal Diseases-Water
ADP Annual Development Programme Sanitation Project
AFC Agriculture Finance Corporation CDG City District Government
(cid:122)
AJK Azad Jammu and Kashmir CDGQ City District Government Quetta
v
ANM Auxiliary Nurse Midwife CDGK City District Government of Karachi
APL Above Poverty Line CDN Community Development Network
ARBAN Association for Realisation of Basic CEO Chief Executive Officer
Needs CEP Community Empowerment Plan
ARI Acute Respiratory Infection CFPR Challenging the Frontiers of Poverty
ASA Association for Social Advancement CHP Community Hygiene Promoters
ASB Anjuman Samaji Behbood CIUD Centre for Integrated Urban Development
ASC Annual Stakeholders Conventions CLBSA Community Led Basic Sanitation for All
ASD Assistance for Slum Dwellers CLTS Community Led Total Sanitation
ASEH Advancing Sustainable Environmental CM Corner Meeting
Health CMC Community Management Committee
ASM Arthik Samata Mandal CPA Community Participation Agreements
AWP Annual Work Plan CRSP Central Rural Sanitation Programme
BAU Bangladesh Agricultural University CSA Community Situation Analysis
BC Beneficiary Committee CSB Community Sanitation Block
BCSIR Bangladesh Council for Science and CSO Civil Society Organisation
Industrial Research CSRSP Centrally Sponsored Rural Sanitation
BG Beneficiary Group Programme
BHU Basic Health Unit CTC Child to Child
BPL Below Poverty Line CW Constructed Wetlands
BSP Basic Sanitation Package CWSAC Community Water Sanitation Action
B-WASA Balochistan Water and Sanitation Agency Committee
CAP Community Action Plan DACAW Decentralised Action for Children and
CBN Cost of Basic Needs Women
CBO Community Based Organisation DAM Dhaka Ahsania Mission
CBWSSP Community-Based Water Supply and DCI Direct Calorie Intake
Sanitation Programme DDC District Development Committee
CCDB Christian Commission for Development in DDSC District Disabled Support Committee
Bangladesh DFID Department For International Development
DISHARI Decentralised Total Sanitation Project IFH International Science Federation for
DNet Development Network Home Hygiene
DPEP District Primary Education Project IFI International Financing Institution
DPHE Department of Public Health Engineering ILE International Learning Exchange
DPMU District Programme Management Unit IMC Infrastructure Management Committee
DRS Demand Responsive Sanitation IMR Infant Mortality Rate
(cid:122)
DSK Dushtha Shasthya Kendra INGO International Non Governmental
vi
DSSC District Sanitation Steering Committee Organisation
DVUD Double Vault Urine Diversion IP Implementing Partners
DWSS Department of Water Supply and IPEA Integrated Participatory Empowering
Sewerage Approaches
ECOSAN Ecological Sanitation ISP Intensive Sanitation Project
ENPHO Environmental Public Health Organisation IUD Integrated Urban Development
ESA External Support Agencies JRCC Junior Red Cross Circle
FGD Focus Group Discussion KAP Knowledge Attitude Practice
FM Fund Manager KMC Karachi Metropolitan Corporation
GDP Gross Domestic Product KRWSA Kerala Rual Water Supply and Sanitation
GIS Geographical Information System Agency
GO Government Organisation KWSB Karachi Water and Sewerage Board
GoB Government of Bangladesh LCG Local Consultative Group
GoI Government of India LGB Local Government Body
GoP Government of Pakistan LGED Local Government Engineering Depart-
GP Gram Panchayat ment
GWS Ghurkha Welfare Scheme LGI Local Government Institution
GYC Gaja Youth Club LGRDD Local Government and Rural Develop-
FYP Five Year Plan ment Department
HAPIC Hygiene Awareness and Product Informa- LHV Lady Health Volunteer
tion Campaign LHW Lady Health Worker
HEC Health Education Corners LO Lane Organisation
HF Horizontal Flow LSHTM London School of Hygiene and Tropical
HIES Household Income and Expenditure Medicine
Survey MCA Multi Criteria Analysis
ICDS Integrated Child Development Services MDG Millennium Development Goal
ID Institutional Development MDT Millennium Development Target
IDP Internally Displaced Persons MLD Million Litres per Day
IEC Information Education Communication MLD Ministry of Local Development
MLGRDC Ministry of Local Government Rural PPP Public Private Partnership
Development and Cooperatives PRA Participatory Reflection and Action
MoE Ministry of Environment PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal
MoH Ministry of Health PRI Panchayati Raj Institution
MPPW Ministry of Physical Planning and Works PSC Policy Steering Committee
NAIDE Novel Approach to Imprecise Assessment PSTC Population Services and Training Centre
(cid:122)
and Decision Environments QPA Qualitative Participatory Assessment
vii
NEWAH Nepal Water for Health QKAEMP Quetta Katchi Abadis Environnent
NGO Non Governmental Organisation Management Programme
NGOF NGO Forum for Drinking Water Supply QWSEIP Quetta Water Supply and Environmental
and Sanitation Improvement Programme
NRCS Nepal Red Cross Society RBTS Reed Bed Treatment System
NSAW National Sanitation Action Week RCL Renovated Community Latrines
NSCSA National Steering Committee for RKMLP Ramakrishna Mission Lokasiksha
Sanitation Action Parishad
NVM National Volunteer Movement RNE Royal Netherlands Embassy
NWFP North West Frontier Province RRN Rural Reconstruction Nepal
O&M Operation and Maintenance RSSC Regional Sanitation Steering Committee
OBS Output Budgeting System RSM Rural Sanitary Marts
ODF Open Defecation Free RWSS Rural Water Supply and Sanitation
OPP-RTI Orangi Pilot Project – Research and RWSSFDBP Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Fund
Training Institute Development Board Programme
OS Organisational Strengthening SA Service Agency
OVI Objectively Verifiable Indicator SACOSAN South Asian Conference on Sanitation
PA Programme Assistant SAD Sanitation Access to Disabled
PBSA Pakistan Boy Scouts Association SAFE Sanitation and Family Education
PC Production Center SAFER Sanitation and Family Education
PHAST Participatory Hygiene and Sanitation Resource
Transformation SARAR Self Esteem, Associative Strength,
PHC Primary Health Centre Resourcefulness, Action Planning
PHED Public Health and Engineering Depart- Responsibility
ment SCOTS Sustainable Community Owned Total
PMC Project Management Committee Sanitation
POs Partner Organisation SEC School Environment Committee
PPMEL Participatory Planning Monitoring SEUF Socio-Economic Unit Foundation
Evaluation and Learning SHEWA-BSanitation Hygiene Education and Water
Supply Programme in Bangladesh
SHG Self-Help Group URC Urban Resource Centre
SKAA Sindh Katchi Abadi Authority USEPA United States Environmental Protection
SL Sanitation Ladder Agency
SLTS School Led Total Sanitation USTF Union Sanitation Task Forces
SMC School Management Committee VDC Village Development Committee
SO Support Organisation VERC Village Education Resource Centre
(cid:122)
SO Social Organiser VF Vertical Flow
viii
SOCMOB Social Mobilisation for Sanitation VIP Ventilated Improved Pit
SSA Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan VO Voluntary Organisation
SSD Society for Sustainable Development VWSC Village Water and Sanitation Committee
SSG Sectoral Stakeholder Group WAB WaterAid Bangladesh
SSHE School Sanitation and Hygiene Education WAN WaterAid Nepal
SSS Sulabh Saushalaya Sansthan WASH Water Sanitation and Hygiene
SUP Society for Urban Poor WATSAN Water Supply and Sanitation
SVMCT Single Vault Moveable Container Type WES Water and Environmental Sanitation
TA Technical Advisor WHS Water Hygiene and Sanitation
TMA Tehsil Municipal Administration WHO World Health Organisation
TNA Training Needs Analysis WLO Women Lane Organisation
TSC Total Sanitation Campaign WSP Water and Sanitation Programme
TVSM Two Vault Solar Model WSSCC Water Supply and Sanitation Collabora-
UBS Urban Basic Services tive Council
UC Union Council WSTF Ward Sanitation Task Force
UDPF Urine Diversion Pour Flush YTP Youth Training Programme
UP Union Parishad