Constitutionalism, human rights, and Islam after the Arab spring

993 Pages·2016·7.73 MB·English

by  El-Haj, Ali M., Grote, Rainer, Röder, Tilmann J

CONSTITUTIONALISM,
HUMAN RIGHTS, AND ISLAM
AFTER THE ARAB SPRING

CONSTITUTIONALISM,
HUMAN RIGHTS, AND
ISLAM AFTER THE
ARAB SPRING
Edited by
Rainer Grote
and
Tilmann J. Röder
Assistant Editor
Ali M. El- Haj
1
1
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Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data
Names: Grote, Rainer, editor. | Röder, Tilmann J., editor. | El-Haj, Ali M., editor.
Title: Constitutionalism, human rights, and Islam after the Arab spring /
edited by Rainer Grote and Tilmann J. Röder; assistant editor Ali M. El-Haj.
Description: New York : Oxford University Press, 2016. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016018915 | ISBN 9780190627645 ((hardback) : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Constitutional law—Arab countries. | Constitutional law (Islamic law) |
Human rights—Arab countries. | Arab Spring, 2010–
Classification: LCC KMC524 .C675 2016 | DDC 342/.14927—dc23 LC record available at
https://lccn.loc.gov/2016018915
1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2
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Contents
Preface (Grote/Röder/El- Haj)  xxxi
Editors’ Note on the Transliteration  xxxiii
Introduction (Grote/Röder)  3
Prologue: Constitutional Debates in the Arab Spring (Grote/Röder)  9
PART 1: POWER AND LEGITIMACY
1.1 The Legitimacy of Constitution- Making Processes in the Arab World:
An Islamic Perspective (An- Na’im)  29
1.2 Legitimacy of Constitution- making Processes: Reflections from the
Perspective of International Law (Wolfrum)  43
1.3 Regimes’ Legitimacy Crises in International Law: Libya, Syria, and Their
Competing Representatives (d’Aspremont)  55
1.4 The Process of Institutional Transformation in Tunisia after the
Revolution (M’rad)  71
1.5 Religious Authorities and Constitutional Reform: The Case of Al- Azhar
in Egypt (Hefny)  89
1.6 The Arab Spring and Constitutional Reforms in Jordan: A Historical
and Legal Appraisal (Al- Khasawneh)  123
1.7 Winter Is Coming: Authoritarian Constitutionalism under Strain
in the Gulf (Parolin)  149
1.8 Constitutional Reform in Oman: Rights Granted under Reserve (Al- Azri)  173
v
vi Contents
PART 2: WHAT BASIS FOR STATEHOOD:
RELIGION OR CITIZENSHIP? 
2.1 Al- Dawlah al- Madanīyah: A Concept to Reconcile Islam and Modern
Statehood? (El- Daghili)  189
2.2 Islam and the Constitutional State: Are They in Contradiction?
(Horchani)  199
2.3 State and Religion in the Aftermath of the Arab Uprisings (Jebnoun)  207
2.4 The Relationship between Constitutions, Politics, and Islam:
A Comparative Analysis of the North African Countries (Dupret)  233
2.5 Contesting Islamic Constitutionalism after the Arab Spring: Islam
in Egypt’s Post- Mubārak Constitutions (Brown/Lombardi)  245
2.6 The Caliphate State: A Basis of Modern Statehood? (Khan)  261
PART 3: WHAT KIND OF GOVERNMENT:
CIVILIAN OR MILITARY?
3.1 State Control over the Military or Military Control over the State?
A Comparison of Selected Arab Constitutions (Röder)  283
3.2 Changes in Civil- Military Relationships after the Arab Spring
(Droz- Vincent)  323
3.3 The Changing Role of the Military in Mauritania (Babana)  355
3.4 The Grip of the Army on Algeria’s Political System (Benchikh)  369
3.5 The Role of the Army in a Multicommunity Society: The Case
of Lebanon (Messarra)  389
PART 4: THE FRAGILE BASIS OF DEMOCRACY
AND DEVELOPMENT
4.1 The Anatomy of the Arab Spring (2011–2015) (Bassiouni)  401
4.2 The Difficult Path toward Democracy: New Electoral Systems in Egypt,
Libya, and Tunisia (Debbeche)  425
4.3 Centralized or Decentralized State Structures? Tendencies in the Arab
Transition States (Philippe)  461
4.4 The Legal Status of the Kurds in Iraq and Syria (Bammarny)  475
Contents vii
4.5 The Separation and Distribution of Powers under the New Moroccan
Constitution (Biagi)  495
4.6 The Quest for a New Economic Order in Egypt’s Constitutional
Transformation (Bälz/Schoeller-Schletter)  513
PART 5: LIBERTY, EQUALITY, AND THE RIGHTS
OF MINORITIES
5.1 International Human Rights Law as a Framework for Emerging
Constitutions in Arab Countries (Mahmoudi)  535
5.2 Civil and Political Rights as a Precondition for Democratic Participation
(Al- Midani)  545
5.3 Citizenship Rights in Selected Arab Constitutions (Al- Awadhi)  559
5.4 Linguistic and Cultural Rights in the Arab Constitutions: From Arabism
to Linguistic and Cultural Diversity (Karimi)  577
5.5 Tunisia after the Arab Spring: Women’s Rights at Risk?
(Gallala- Arndt)  599
5.6 Reflections on Women’s Rights in Yemen: Opportunities and Challenges
(Alawi)  615
5.7 Religious Minorities under Pressure: The Situation in Egypt, Iraq, and
Syria (Faraj)  639
5.8 Rights of Religious Minorities in Sudan (Ibrahim Abdelgabar)  653
PART 6: CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS:
NEW GUARDIANS OF THE CONSTITUTIONS?
6.1 Constitutional Review in Arab Countries: Dawn of a New Era? (Grote)  677
6.2 Morocco’s Constitutional Court after the 2011 Reforms (Bernoussi)  691
6.3 The Mauritanian Constitutional Court after the Military Coup
of 2008 (Bouboutt)  707
6.4 Constitutional Reform and the Rise of Constitutional Adjudication
in Jordan: Background, Issues, and Controversies (Hammouri)  723
6.5 An International Constitutional Court: Bulwark against the Erosion
of Constitutional Democracy (Ben Achour)  741
viii Contents
PART 7: INTERNATIONAL INFLUENCES
AND INTERACTIONS
7.1 The Relationship between International Law and National Law in
New and Amended Arab Constitutions (El- Haj)  763
7.2 Turkish Constitutionalism: A Model for Reforms in Arab
Countries? (Bâli)  795
7.3 The Arab Spring and the Development of Islamic Constitutionalism
in Iran (Banisadr/Rezaei)  817
7.4 Lessons from the Iraqi Constitution- making Process (Hamoudi)  845
7.5 Impulses from the Arab Spring on the Palestinian State- Building Process
(Khalil)  861
7.6 The European Union and the Constitution- making Processes in the Arab
World: Observer or Actor? (Tohidipur)  879
Epilogue: The Constitutional Legacy of the Arab Spring (Grote/Röder)  907
List of Contributors  919
Index  929
Detailed Contents
Preface (Grote/Röder/El- Haj)  xxxi
Editors’ Note on the Transliteration  xxxiii
Introduction (Grote/Röder)  3
Prologue: Constitutional Debates in the Arab Spring (Grote/Röder)  9
PART 1: POWER AND LEGITIMACY
1.1 The Legitimacy of Constitution- Making Processes in the Arab World:
An Islamic Perspective (An- Na’im)  29
I. Introduction  29
II. Constitutions and Constitutionalism  31
III. Islamic Legitimacy of Constitution- making in the Arab World  35
IV. The Secular State as Framework for Mediation of Paradox  38
1.2 Legitimacy of Constitution- making Processes: Reflections from the
Perspective of International Law (Wolfrum)  43
I. Introduction: Sovereignty of States— A Limitation to Any Attempt
to Influence the Procedure of Constitution- making as Well as the
Content of a New Constitution  43
II. Human Rights and Other International Standards as Potential
Limitations for Constitution- making  47
A. Introduction  47
B. Standards Concerning the Procedure of Constitution- making  48
1. In General  48
2. Preparation of the First Draft of a Constitution  50
ix