Constitutional Studies, State and Federal

344 Pages·2008·15.12 MB·English

by  James Schouler

·CONSTITUTIONAL STUDIES, .
STATE AND FEDERAL.
BY
.
JAMES S..CHOULER, LL.D.,
PR0F1lllll80K OJ' LAW, A.:ND AUmO:a OllJ' "JUSTO_,. OJ' TmII 1Il(1'.1'&D
S'UBI! U:NDU TmII COlfa'1'1'1'lITl0a,"
NEW YORK:
DODD, MEAD AND COMPANY.
1897.
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Copyriglit. 189'1, ..I
By JAKES ScHOULER.
UllITfBB8ITY I'B:us:
JOWII WILSON AllD Soli, CAKBRtDGIl:, U.S.A..
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Tws volume contains the substance of lectures
delivered before the graduate students of Johns
Hopkins University during the years 1893-1896.
author, pursuing his own investigation of the
primary documeuts, has sought to trace the origin
and progress of those political ideas which have be
come dominant and fundamental in American gov
ernment. His order of study embraces: (1) Early
colonial charters and the constitutions of the old
thirteen States; (2) documents of Union, whose full
fruition is the Constitution of the United States;
(3) State constitutions since the adoption of this full
Fe~:le~aJ. system. Sucha study many important
facts into new relief which pemin to American de
mocracy and its progression,l and should be found
both interesting and suggestive. Even in the more
trite and fanrlliaranalysisof ourFederalConstitution,
the author has sought to impart some freshness of
treatment by employing historical illustration drawn
from the national experience of a century.
J. S.
All'Gll'8T 10, 1897.
1 See,6.g.,U tomethodsof ooutitutiowadoption,p.lIll /It_'1.;
oralvotingandtheballot,p.281litBefJ.
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CONTENTS.
•
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PART L
EARLY CHARTERS AND CONSTITUTIONS.
I.
PAGII
INTRODUCTORY. • , •• •••••••• 1
Modem American InatitutlODl.-'1'lIe Common or COWI_
tudinary Law.- LegialatiTe Eu.etment.- Fodamemal
Charteror StateConatitutlon:- Fedeml.COlllltltutlonud
PlmlaaDtActaofCongftlIIIIIIud~
n.
TiD COLONLU. GonRNMENTS. 1601-1WI • • • • • 9
ThirteenColoniellclallllUled.- EarlyFodamentalC~
- Thell6Chartersstudied.- 8tructureofColonialGoTen
ment.-Allegiance,CivilRighta,udlDter·ColonialRig_
- Religiotll Toleration.- Trade ud Bll.Iine&.- Lud
Tenure.
In.
REvOLUTIONARY Bn:.uI OJ)' RIGHTS. 1776-1188 29
Bills or Declaratiollll of Right&.- Virginia, PenJlIlI11'fUia,
udMalylud in17'16.-Other Bills of IUghtaawltheir
Ideas.- ReligiOtllFeaturaenoticed.
IV.
EARLY STATE CONSTITUTIONS. 1176-1189 • • • • • 45
Monte8quieu Structure of GOTemment.- ConvelltiOtll with
PlenaryPower.-ElectiveFranehi8e.-Legill1ature,Execu-
tiveudJudiciary.- MiaceUaneouPJoviaiollll. •
vill OONPENPS.
RT Ii
THE FEDERAL UNION.
I.
P..Uilil
EABLY TENDENCIES TO UNION. 1609-1164. • •• 70
E Pluribll8 Unum.- NewEnglandConfederacy.- Colonial
=--
Boardl of Com.m.iasioners. AlbanyConvention of 17M
and Fmnk:lin'. Planof Union.
n.
INDEPENDENCE AND REVOLUTION. 1165-1180 • • • • 79
StampActCongressof 1765.- ContinentalCOngN118(1774,)
and RtlIlistanee.- Declaratiun of Independence.- Conti
nuityofUnioninth_States.
m.
ARTICLES OJ!' CONFEDERATION. 1181-1189 • • • • • 84
RevolutiolllU'YGovernment(1776-1780).- AdoptionofArti
cles(1781).- NatureandIncompleteScopeofConfederacy.
- Congress and its Authority.- Delegated Power from
States.
IV.
THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION; ITS NATURE AND ESTAB
LISHMENT. 1187-1189 • • • • • • • • • • 98
FatalDefectsofOldConfederacy.- Conventionof1787and
New Plan of Union.-New Govemment operating upon
thePeople..
v.
FBDERAL CONSTITUTION ANALYZED; STRUCTURE AND
DISTRIBUTION OJ!' LEGISLATURE 99
NatureofFederalGovemmentastoStates.- RulesofInter
pretation.- Preamble and Purpollll.- CongrellJll and its
Structure.- CourseofLegislation.
OONTENTS.
VI.
1".t..G1II
FEDBRAL CONSTITUTION ANALYZED; FUNDAlIIl:NTAL •
POWlmS OF CONGRESS. • • • • • • • • • 116
Fundamental Powel'll and Prohibitioll.ll,State and FederaL
-Power to Tu.-To Borrow Money.-To RegWaie
Commerce.-Naturalization and Bankmptcllllll.- Power
toCoinMoney,andRegulate,etc.- POIIIt-OlJleesandPoet
Roads.- Patents and Copyrights.- Federal Criminal
Offences.- WarandPeacePower.- ArmiesandNavies.
- Callingforth the Militia.- Federal Capi&&landSites
reserved. •
VII.
FlIWERAL CONSTITUTION ANALYZED; FBDJ:RAL AND
STATB PROHIBITIONS • • • • • • • • • • 148
ExpreuProhibitioll.lluponCongreuandtheUnitedStates.
- Exp_ ProhibitiOll.ll upon States, together with the
UnitedStates.-Unqualified Prohibitionsupon8tUeL
State Prohibitions UJ.I.1erllI Congreu lI!llIe.Ilts.- Implied
Prohibitioll.ll.
vm.
FEDERAL CONSTITUTION ANALYZlllD; TBlI: ExBCUTIVB 166
Chief Federal Executive newiy created.- President and
Vice-Pre8ident.- How Chosen.- Term and QualliiCllr
tions.- Powe18 and Duties, Domestic and Foreign.
Conclnsion.
IX.
FlmEBAL CONSTITUTION ANALYZED; THE JUDICIARY. 169
FormerJudicial EstablishmentIndistinct.- Independence
ofPl8sentJudiciary,andPermanenceof SupremeCourt.
- Tenure, Recompense, etc.- Functions exercised and
Jurisdiction.- Questions of Constitutional Conflict.
SupremeLawofLand.-JuryTrialforCrime.- Treason
andAttainder.- FederalCrimesdefined.
x OONPENT8.
X.
•' PAQlBl
FEDERAL CONSTITUTION ANALYZED; INTERSTATlil AND
T"gUITORIAL RELATIONS. • • • • • • • • 178
FullFaithandCreditbetweenStates.- PrivilegesandIm
munities.- MutualExtradition.- Anne:u.tioDlltoUnion.
- ForeignAcqnillitioDll.- RegulationofDomesticTerri
tory.- Gtl&lll.nty of Republican Government.- Protec
tionagainstIllvaaionorDomesticViolence.
XI••
FEDERALCONSTITUTION ANALYZED; ADOPTION, POWER I
TO AMEND, AND l!'EDERAL SUPREMACY. • • • 185 I
NoDirectReferencetoPeople.- ModesofFutureAmend
j
ment.- Confederation Debtlll Binding.- Supreme Law
ofLand.- FedemlOath.- NoReligioDllTestof01ll.ce.
XII. 1
FEDERAL CoNSTITUTION SUBSEQUENT j
AMENDMENTS. • • • • • • • • • 190
FifteenAmendmentssince1787.- TenlIBa"BillofRights"
Additionproposed in 1189.-Eleventh Judi-
cial Power against States.- Twelfth relating to
dentialEleetioDl!.- ThreeCivilWarAmendments.
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STATE CONSTITUTIONS SINCE 1789.
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HISTORICAL SEQUENCE.. " • • • • • • 208
InfluenceofFedemlConstitutionuponStates.- ThePreeent
Union.- Era of Fedemlillm (1789-1801).- Republican
Era(1801-1815).-EraofPeaceful Development (1816
(885).-Eraof Strife(1886-1861).-CivilWarandBe
oonstmction(1861-1877).-NewEra(18'77-:189:7)