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Constitutional Law, Administrative Law, and Human Rights: A Critical Introduction PDF

835 Pages·2012·9.18 MB·English
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About the Online Resource Centre To access the casebook, please follow these instructions: 1) G o to: www.oxfordtextbooks.co.uk/orc/loveland6e/ 2) Click on the ‘Online Casebook’ link 3) E nter the login details below (both are case sensitive) Username: loveland6e Password: casebook 4) Scroll through the list of cases and click on the link you are interested in This book is complemented by an Online Resource Centre that provides a fully linked online casebook, a collection of mind-maps for revision, and a series of sample seminar classes for lecturers. In the casebook, carefully edited versions of vital legislation and case law that are discussed in the main text are listed under the same chapter headings that are in this book. The Online Resource Centre is intended to enhance the value of the textbook as a teaching resource, and to free law schools and students from the time and expense of compiling hard copy versions of the leading cases and legislative provisions. The casebook is fully paginated for ease of reference in a classroom context. Should you experience any difficulty in accessing this resource, These resources are all available FREE of charge, and provide please contact [email protected] for assistance. extensive support for the student or tutor of constitutional and administrative law. To Carol, Madison, and Daniel Constitutional Law, Administrative Law, and Human Rights A Critical Introduction Sixth edition Professor Ian Loveland City University, London Barrister, Arden Chambers 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries © Oxford University Press 2012 Th e moral rights of the author have been asserted Th ird Edition published by Butterworths 2004 Fourth Edition published 2006 Fift h Edition published 2009 Impression: 1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Public sector information reproduced under Open Government Licence v1.0 (http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/open-government-licence.htm) Crown Copyright material reproduced with the permission of the Controller, HMSO (under the terms of the Click Use licence) British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number: 2012935804 ISBN 978–0–19–960640–5 Printed in Great Britain by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY Preface to the Sixth Edition Th e sixth edition of this book is—like its immediate predecessors—a slightly expanded and modifi ed version of the previous edition. Th ere have been some minor substantive changes to many parts of the book to take account of developments since 2009, but I have again tried to resist the temptation to turn the book into an exhaustive catalogue of every case or statutory provision there has ever been on particular topics. An (in my opinion!) insightful review of the fourth edition characterised it as more concerned with analysing principle than with describing detail, and I would hope that comment remains accurate in respect of this new edition. Th at means, of course, that much detailed material which many observers would regard as important is omitted. Th ose of us who teach public law must now perhaps be reconciled to the reality that there is just too much material to be fi tted within a year long class on the subject. Th e material in this book refl ects the choices I have made in respect of the course I teach to my students at City University Law School. I did not feel tempted at any point to make the book ‘easier’ in any substantive intel- lectual sense. I remain happily wedded to the view that public law is a challenging, multi- disciplinary topic, and that attempts to simplify it in analytical terms do a disservice both to the subject and to the reader. Th e sixth edition therefore retains the fi rst edition’s initial concern to provide a cross-disciplinary introduction to the subject of public law, with a continuing emphasis placed on material drawn from political theory, political sci- ence and legal and social history. Insofar as the book has a particular target audience, that audience would be able and industrious undergraduate and graduate students who have an innate enthusiasm for thinking about the moral and political underpinnings of our constitutional system, a willingness to read widely and critically around the core of their subject, and also a readiness to accept that a good deal of what they learn about that subject will seem to be (at least initially) confusing and contradictory. With that particular audience in mind, I have signifi cantly expanded the examination given in chapter three to the defensibility of the various techniques of statutory interpre- tation used by the courts, and to the legitimacy of innovation at common law. Chapter twenty-one, which introduced readers to the Human Rights Act 1998, has been substan- tially redraft ed to correct what I would now regard as a number of unhappily imprecise assertions in its predecessor. Th ere is also in chapter twenty-two a substantial new section addressing the impact of the Human Rights Act on the content and methodology of the common law. Both of those addenda have been prompted in part by the very positive and oft en illuminating responses made by my graduate students in classes and term papers dealing with those topics, and also in part by the fact that the topics touch upon matters with which I have been involved as counsel in the higher courts. Th e lists of recommended reading at the end of each chapter have been expanded a lit- tle. Th e readings continue to be organised in an order which refl ects my own view of their value. Th e online resource centre (ORC) has also been enlarged to refl ect the amended content of the book, and continues to include a selection of seminars that I have used over the years for various topics and a series of revision sheets (which have been styled as ‘mind maps’) which may prove of some assistance to students who are looking to fasten an impression of the topography of particular topics in their respective minds. vi PREFACE TO THE SIXTH EDITION My thanks are again due to editorial staff at OUP, especially Tom Young, for their handling of the messy business of turning my draft s into a fi nished text. Th ose eff orts notwithstanding, I do not doubt that there will be some errors in the text for which of course I accept responsibility. I hope they prove to be minor and do not detract from the overall impact that the book may have. Ian Loveland London, Spring 2012 Outline Contents PART ONE THEORETICAL PRINCIPLES 1 Defi ning the Constitution? 3 2 Parliamentary Sovereignty 21 3 The Rule of Law and the Separation of Powers 50 4 The Royal Prerogative 86 PART TWO THE INSTITUTIONS AND OPERATION OF NATIONAL GOVERNMENT 5 The House of Commons 119 6 The House of Lords 155 7 The Electoral System 194 8 Parliamentary Privilege 228 9 Constitutional Conventions 260 PART THREE THE GEOGRAPHICAL SEPARATION OF POWERS 10 Local Government 301 11 The European Economic Community 1957–1986 338 12 The European Community after the Single European Act 388 13 The Governance of Scotland and Wales 421 PART FOUR ADMINISTRATIVE LAW 14 Substantive Grounds of Judicial Review 445 15 Procedural Grounds of Judicial Review 475 16 Challenging Governmental Decisions: The Process 510 17 Locus Standi 535 viii OUTLINE CONTENTS PART FIVE HUMAN RIGHTS 18 Human Rights I: Traditional Perspectives 559 19 Human Rights II: Emergent Principles 588 20 Human Rights III: New Substantive Grounds of Review 616 21 Human Rights IV: The Human Rights Act 1998 636 22 Human Rights V: The Impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 661 23 Human Rights VI: Governmental Powers of Arrest and Detention 709 24 Conclusion 744 Contents Preface to the Sixth Edition v Table of Legislation xxi Table of Treaties and Conventions xxvii List of Cases xxix Part One Theoretical Principles 1 Defi ning the Constitution? 3 I. The meaning(s) of ‘democracy’? 4 What is democratic governance? Some hypothetical examples 5 A constitution as a social and political contract? 7 II. The fi rst ‘modern’ constitution? 9 The problem—majoritarianism 10 The solutions—representative government, federalism, a separation of powers, and supra- legislative ‘fundamental’ rights 10 Conclusion 19 Suggested further reading 20 Academic and political commentary 20 Case law and legislation 20 2 Parliamentary Sovereignty 21 Pre- 1688—natural or divine law 21 The Diceyan (or orthodox) theory 22 The political source of parliamentary sovereignty—the ‘glorious revolution’ 24 I. Legal authority for the principle of parliamentary sovereignty 29 Substance or procedure? the enrolled Bill rule 30 The doctrine of implied repeal 31 Inconsistency with international law 32 II. Entrenching legislation—challenges to the orthodox position 34 Jennings’ critique and the ‘rule of recognition’ 35 Is parliamentary sovereignty a British or English concept? 43 Women’s enfranchisement 46 Conclusion 48 Suggested further reading 49 Academic and political commentary 49 Case law and legislation 49 3 The Rule of Law and the Separation of Powers 50 I. The Diceyan perspective: the rule of law in the pre- welfare state 50 Entick v Carrington (1765) 52

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