Consilience: Radiocarbon, Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis, and Litigation in the Ancestral

273 Pages·2015·10.45 MB·English

Stephen F. Austin State University
SFA ScholarWorks
CRHR: Archaeology Center for Regional Heritage Research
2013
Consilience: Radiocarbon, Instrumental Neutron
Activation Analysis, and Litigation in the Ancestral
Caddo Region
Robert Z. Selden Jr.
[email protected]
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CONSILIENCE: RADIOCARBON, INSTRUMENTAL NEUTRON ACTIVATION
ANALYSIS, AND LITIGATION IN THE ANCESTRAL CADDO REGION

A Dissertation
by
ROBERT Z. SELDEN JR.

Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of
Texas A&M University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

Chair of Committee, Suzanne L. Eckert
Committee Members, David L. Carlson
Timothy K. Perttula
Walter L. Buenger
Head of Department, Cynthia Werner

August 2013
Major Subject: Anthropology
Copyright 2013 Robert Z. Selden Jr.
ABSTRACT

Through the creation and analysis of databases for radiocarbon, instrumental
neutron activation analysis (INAA), and law, macro-level trends are exposed that form the
framework of a broader research program aimed at advancing ideas of craft specialization
and archaeological theory in the ancestral Caddo region of Southwest Arkansas, Northwest
Louisiana, Northeast Texas, and Southeast Oklahoma. The findings of this investigation
illustrate the research potential that remains buried within the context of cultural resource
management (CRM) reports and legal databases (Westlaw and LexisNexis) that is awaiting
consumption within regional research designs aimed at exploring the nuances and trends
that appear through synthetic research.
While more can—and should—be done to exploit these resources, this endeavor
represents the first logical step toward a more general comprehension of Woodland and
Caddo occupations in the region. As a testament to those projects that generated these data,
the findings herein are representative of decades of work by numerous academic
institutions, archaeological firms, undergraduate as well as graduate students, and
avocational archaeologists alike; all of which have and continue to contribute to a more
synthetic and dynamic understanding of the things, peoples, and cultures that lie underfoot.

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DEDICATION

For Sergeant Byron W. Norwood
Words cannot describe the heartache of losing your best friend. Byron, yours
remains the most difficult funeral that I have attended, but getting to see your family at the
subsequent State of the Union address was powerful. I still cannot believe that they named
the Pflugerville Post Office after you.
Your memory was the driving force behind this endeavor; through all of the late
and sleepless nights, the gallons of caffeine, and the incredible silence after all that we went
through. When I was tired, you kept me awake. When I faltered, you stood me up. And
when I lost motivation, your memory prodded me on and continues to do so.
You were the toughest, funniest, and most fearless Marine that I had the pleasure of
serving with. Thank you for the memories Byron; I could not have done this without you.
Semper Fidelis.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The research presented hereafter would have been impossible without considerable
assistance from Dr. Suzanne L. Eckert, Dr. David L. Carlson, Dr. Timothy K. Perttula, and
Dr. Walter L. Buenger, none of whom fully realized at the outset of this little project just
what it was that they were actually getting into. The staff in the Department of
Anthropology at Texas A&M—Marco Valadez, Cindy Hurt, and Rebekah Luza—were
tremendous assets throughout my time in the department, and I am grateful to each of
them for their part in fostering my progress, and shepherding me through the administrative
requirements of the program.
Dr. C. Britt Bousman is responsible for fostering my continued interest in the
confluence of archaeology and law, and I look forward to exploring that further in the near
future. Dr. Timothy K. Perttula, Mr. Ross Fields, and Dr. Alan Skinner provided
radiocarbon dates, and Dr. Timothy K. Perttula, Mr. Ross Fields, and Mrs. Linda Ellis
provided the geochemical data for Woodland and Caddo ceramics from their numerous
projects employing INAA for use within this undertaking.
For their assistance with “Modeling Regional Radiocarbon Trends: A Case Study
From The East Texas Woodland Period,” I would like to thank Dr. Timothy K. Perttula,
Dr. Suzanne L. Eckert, Dr. Alan N. Williams, Dr. James E. Bruseth, Mr. Ross C. Fields and
the anonymous reviewers for their guidance and comments on previous drafts, Dr. David
L. Carlson and Dr. Jon C. Lohse for their technical guidance, and Lauren B. Selden for
always expecting more.
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I would also like to thank Mr. Ross C. Fields (Prewitt & Associates, Inc.) and Dr. S.
Alan Skinner (AR Consultants, Inc.) for providing 14C dates from their recent East Texas
projects for use within this article.
Lastly, Dr. Mark McClure and the editorial staff at Radiocarbon are to be praised for
their timely communication, and willingness to field my numerous questions.
For their assistance with “Modeling Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of the East
Texas Caddo,” I wish to again thank Dr. Timothy K. Perttula for his continued guidance.
Also, Mr. Ross C. Fields and Dr. S. Alan Skinner for 14C dates from their recent East Texas
projects for use within this article.
For their assistance with “Temporal and Regional Dynamics of Cultural Resource
Case Law,” we would like to thank Dr. Thomas King, Dr. Christopher Lintz, Dr. James
Bruseth, Mr. Mark Denton, Mr. Bill Martin, Dr. Vincent Luizzi, Dr. Garth Sampson, Dr.
Timothy K. Perttula, and Mr. Mark Siegel for their comments and suggestions at various
stages of this project. Kurth Bousman assisted with the Spanish Abstract.
For their assistance with “Bibliography on Woodland and Caddo Instrumental
Neutron Activation Analysis Studies in East Texas, Northwest Louisiana, Eastern
Oklahoma, and Southwest Arkansas ,” we thank Ann Early, Linda Ellis, Ross Fields, Jeff
Girard, and Mary Beth Trubitt for helpful suggestions regarding instrumental neutron
activation analysis and petrographic work done in and very near the Caddo area.
Finally, the patience and support of my wife during this two and one half year
absence was no less than incredible. I’m coming home Lauren. I love you.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... ii
DEDICATION ........................................................................................................................ iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................. iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS....................................................................................................... vi
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. x
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................... xvi
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION TO THE VOLUME .................................................. 1
Introduction .................................................................................................... 2
Archaeological Evidence ................................................................. 2
Ethnohistorical Evidence ................................................................ 8
Research Approaches for Caddo Archaeology ......................................... 11
Radiocarbon ...................................................................................... 12
Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis .................................. 15
Law ..................................................................................................... 16
Organization of the Volume ........................................................................ 18

CHAPTER II. MODELING REGIONAL RADIOCARBON TRENDS: A CASE
STUDY FROM THE EAST TEXAS WOODLAND PERIOD .................................... 21
Overview ......................................................................................................... 21
Introduction .................................................................................................... 22
East Texas Radiocarbon Database .............................................................. 24
Methods of Analysis ...................................................................................... 24
14C Date Combination ..................................................................... 34
Calibration Curve ............................................................................. 36
The Woodland Sample .................................................................................. 37
41CE19 (George C. Davis Site) ..................................................... 38
41DT6 (Tick Site)............................................................................. 39
41DT16 (Spike Site) ......................................................................... 39
41HP106 (Hurricane Hill Site) ....................................................... 40
41LR297 (Stallings Ranch Site) ...................................................... 41
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41NA236 (Naconiche Creek Site) ................................................. 42
41NA285 (Boyette Site) .................................................................. 43
41RK222 (Herman Ballew Site) ..................................................... 44
41SM273 (Broadway Site) ............................................................... 45
41TT372 ............................................................................................ 46
41UR77 .............................................................................................. 47
Results ............................................................................................................. 48
Temporal Considerations ............................................................................. 49
Spatial Considerations ................................................................................... 52
Discussion ....................................................................................................... 56
Summary and Conclusion ............................................................................. 57

CHAPTER III. MODELING TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL DYNAMICS OF THE
EAST TEXAS CADDO (ca. A.D. 800-1680) ...................................................................... 59
Overview ......................................................................................................... 59
Introduction .................................................................................................... 59
Methods .......................................................................................................... 62
Results ............................................................................................................. 75
Temporal Considerations ................................................................ 77
Spatial Consideration ....................................................................... 83
Conclusions .................................................................................................... 85

CHAPTER IV. EPISTEMOLOGY AND SYNTHESIS: INSTRUMENTAL
NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS OF ANCESTRAL CADDO
CERAMICS ............................................................................................................................... 90
Overview ......................................................................................................... 90
Introduction .................................................................................................... 90
Archaeological Epistemology of Caddo INAA Research ....................... 92
Caddo INAA Research in the 1990s ............................................. 93
Caddo INAA Research, 2000-2002 ............................................... 95
Caddo INAA Research, 2003-2006 ............................................... 100
Caddo INAA Research, 2007-2010 ............................................... 107
On the Current State of Caddo INAA Research ........................ 111
Reevaluating Caddo INAA .......................................................................... 115
Geochemical Variation in the Ancestral Caddo Territory ....................... 122
Spatial Trends in the Chemical Composition Data ..................... 122
Composite 1 ........................................................................ 122
Composite 2 ........................................................................ 123
Composite 3 ........................................................................ 124
Composite 4 ........................................................................ 125
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Composite 5 ........................................................................ 126
Summary and Conclusion ............................................................................. 128

CHAPTER V. TEMPORAL AND REGIONAL DYNAMICS OF CULTURAL
RESOURCE CASE LAW ....................................................................................................... 131
Overview ......................................................................................................... 131
Introduction .................................................................................................... 131
Methods .......................................................................................................... 134
The Legal Basis .............................................................................................. 135
American Antiquities Act ................................................................ 135
Historic Sites Act.............................................................................. 135
Reservoir Salvage Act (Archeological and Historic
Preservation Act) .............................................................................. 136
National Historic Preservation Act ............................................... 136
American Indian Religious Freedom Act ..................................... 137
Archeological Resources Protection Act ...................................... 137
Abandoned Shipwreck Act ............................................................. 137
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act ....... 138
Temporal Distribution of Litigation ........................................................... 138
American Antiquities Act ................................................................ 138
Historic Sites Act.............................................................................. 139
National Historic Preservation Act ............................................... 139
American Indian Religious Freedom Act ..................................... 140
Archeological Resources Protection Act ...................................... 141
Abandoned Shipwreck Act ............................................................. 141
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act ....... 142
Spatial Dynamics of Litigation ..................................................................... 142
American Antiquities Act ................................................................ 143
Historic Sites Act.............................................................................. 143
National Historic Preservation Act ............................................... 144
American Indian Religious Freedom Act, Archeological
Resources Protection Act and Native American Graves
Protection and Repatriation Act .................................................... 144
Abandoned Shipwreck Act ............................................................. 144
Litigation of Cultural Resources .................................................................. 145
Archaeology ...................................................................................... 145
Architecture....................................................................................... 147
Landscape .......................................................................................... 150
Shipwrecks ........................................................................................ 153
Other .................................................................................................. 153
Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 154

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CHAPTER VI. SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS ........................................ 158
Summary ......................................................................................................... 158
Future Directions ........................................................................................... 160
Temporal Considerations ................................................................ 160
Ceramic Provenance ........................................................................ 162
Theoretical Perspectives on Caddo Archaeology ........................ 166
REFERENCES CITED .......................................................................................................... 168
APPENDIX A. INSTRUMENTAL NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSES IN
THE ANCESTRAL CADDO TERRITORY ..................................................................... 202
Revisiting the Caddo INAA Dataset .......................................................... 202
Geochemical Results ..................................................................................... 205
Summary and Conclusion ............................................................................. 238

APPENDIX B. BIBLIOGRAPHY ON WOODLAND AND CADDO
INSTRUMENTAL NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS STUDIES IN EAST
TEXAS, NORTHWEST LOUISIANA, EASTERN OKLAHOMA, AND
SOUTHWEST ARKANSAS .................................................................................................. 240
Bibliography .................................................................................................... 245

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