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Conserving the Borobudur Temple for the future PDF

32 Pages·2001·3.19 MB·English
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supported by: JAK/2013/PI/H/17 REV. Ministry of Education and Culture Republic of Indonesia Conserving the Borobudur Temple for the Future 1 UNESCO Office Jakarta Jl. Galuh II N° 5 Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta Selatan Jakarta 12110 Indonesia Phone +62 – (0)21 739 981 8 Fax +62 – (0)21 729 964 89 Website www.unesco.org Ministry of Education and Culture Jl. Jenderal Sudirman Senayan, Jakarta 10270 Indonesia Phone/Fax +62 – (0)21 573 106 3 Email Melestarikan Candi Borobudur untuk Masa Depan 3 The Temple as an Image of the Universe Candi Borobudur sebagai Citra Alam Semesta On the fertile Kedu Plain known as ‘the Garden of budur were quarried from the surrounding rivers kecuali bahwa sejumlah besar pekerja bekerja Java’ lies the huge mountain temple of Borobudur and lahars. To build the temple these stones were di bawah panas terik untuk memindahkan dan built during the reign of a king of the Saliendra dynasty rubbed on each other and set together without memahat 60,000 m3 bebatuan. between AD 750 and 842. Located about 42 km mortar in order to obtain extremely narrow joints. from the city of Yogyakarta, Borobudur is one of the Using this technique nearly ‘monolithic’ walls were Pulau Jawa terletak di „Cincin Api Sirkum Pasifk“, greatest Buddhist monuments in the world and was produced as support for the delicate stone reliefs. salah satu daerah seismik paling aktif di dunia. included on the UNESCO World Heritage list in 1991. Borobudur dikelilingi oleh empat gunung berapi Little is known about its early history except that Di atas dataran subur Kedu yang dikenal sebagai aktif : Merapi, Sindoro, Merbabu dan Sumbing dari a huge army of workers worked in the tropical heat ‘Kebun Pulau Jawa’ berdiri sebuah monumen mana batu-batu bangunan candi dihasilkan. Blok to shift and carve the 60,000 m3 of stone. megah Candi Borobudur yang dibangun selama batu Borobudur digali dari sungai-sungai dan lahar masa pemerintahan seorang raja dari dinasti di sekitarnya. Untuk membangun candi tersebut, The island of Java is located on the “Circum Pacifc Syailendra antara tahun 750 - 842 Masehi. batu disinggungkan satu sama lain dan disusun Ring of Fire”, one of the most seismically active Terletak sekitar 42 km dari Kota Yogyakarta, bersama-sama tanpa menggunakan mortar untuk regions of the world. Borobudur is surrounded by Borobudur adalah salah satu monumen Budha mendapatkan sambungan yang sangat sempit. four active volcanoes: Merapi, Sindoro, Merbabu terbesar di dunia dan termasuk dalam daftar Dengan menggunakan teknik ini dihasilkanlah and Sumbing from which the building stones of the Warisan Dunia dari UNESCO sejak tahun 1991. dinding yang nyaris ‚monolitik‘ yang dibuat untuk temple were produced. The stone blocks of Boro- Sedikit yang diketahui tentang sejarah awalnya, mendukung relief batu yang halus. 4 Volcanic stones joined together into a precious picture book Borobudur‘s shape combines the idea of a Buddhist Stupa with the concept of Meru – the holy world mountain – symbolically representing the seat of the gods, with a mandala, the geometrically designed ritual and spiritual symbol. Batu-batu vulkanik tertata The vertical division of Borobudur Temple into a rapih membentuk sebuah mahakarya base, body, and superstructure, perfectly accords yang berharga with the conception of the Universe in Buddhist cosmology. It is believed that the universe is divided Bentuk Borobudur menggabungkan ide stupa meyakini bahwa alam semesta dibagi menjadi tiga into three superimposing spheres: kamadhatu, the Budha denngan konsep Meru – gunung dunia suci bidang lapisan : Kamadhatu, lapisan dimana kita sphere where we are bound to our desires; rupa- – secara simbolis merepresentasikan kursi para terikat dengan keinginan-keinginan kita; Rupadhatu, dhatu, the sphere where we abandon our desires dewa, dengan mandala, desain geometris simbol lapisan dimana kita meninggalkan keinginan kita, but are still bound to name and form; and arupadhatu, ritual dan spiritual. namun masih terikat dengan nama dan bentuk; the sphere where there is no longer either name dan Arupadhatu, lapisan dimana sudah tidak ada or form. At Borobudur Temple, the kamadhatu is Pembagian vertikal Candi Borobudur menjadi lagi nama maupun bentuk. Di Candi Borobudur, represented by the base, the rupadhatu by the fve dasar candi, badan candi dan bagian atas candi, Kamadhatu diwakili oleh dasar candi, Rupadhatu square terraces, and the arupadhatu by the three secara sempurna sesuai dengan konsepsi alam oleh lima teras persegi dan Arupadhatu oleh tiga circular platforms as well as the big stupa. semesta menurut kosmologi Budha. Mereka pelataran melingkar beserta stupa besar. 5 Borobudur Temple over Time Candi Borobudur dari Waktu ke Waktu Buddhist wisdom preserved Kearifan Budha dilestarikan by soil and vegetation oleh tanah dan vegetasi Borobudur was used as a Buddhist temple from Borobudur digunakan sebagai sebuah kuil Budha its construction until sometime between the 10th sejak dibangun hingga kurun waktu antara and 15th centuries when it was abandoned. One abad ke 10 dan 15 ketika ditinggalkan. Salah of the mysteries of Borobudur is the reason this satu misteri Borobudur adalah alasan candi ini temple was left behind. What is known is that ditinggalkan. Yang diketahui adalah candi tertutup the temple lay under the cover of soil and plants, oleh tanah dan tanaman dan terlindungi selama protected for several centuries from the damaging beberapa abad dari kerusakan yang disebabkan impact of sunlight, rain, and looting. oleh cahaya matahari, hujan dan penjarahan. Borobudur Temple entered a new period of history Candi Borobudur memasuki periode sejarah baru when T.S. Raffes heard of the existence of this ketika T.S. Raffes mendengar keberadaan candi magnifcent temple and visited the site in 1814. megah ini dan berkunjung pada tahun 1814. The temple was cleaned, trees and bushes were Candi ini dibersihkan, pohon-pohon dan semak removed. While Borobudur was described as a belukar juga dipindahkan. Sementara Borobudur temple in ruin, the basic structure was still to be digambarkan sebagai sebuah reruntuhan kuil, recognized. Photographs and publications from struktur dasar masih dapat dikenali. Foto-foto dan the period drew attention from near and far to publikasi dari periode ini menarik perhatian dari this mysterious place. dalam maupun luar negeri pada tempat misterius ini. 6 © Trustees of the British Museum Water color painting of the Borobudur Temple by Sir Stamford Raffes Lukisan cat air Candi Borobudur oleh Sir Stamford Raffes 7 First Conservation Phase Konservasi Tahap 1 1907 – 1911 8 Pictures (historical) th Reconstruction in the 20 Century Rekonstruksi pada Abad ke 20 Sebuah intervensi dengan anggaran terbatas yang ditandai dengan pengabdian dan refeksi A limited budget intervention marked by devotion and refection Stabilitas Borobudur berada dalam keadaan genting ketika restorasi pertama oleh Pemerintah The stability of Borobudur was in a precarious state Hindia Belanda berlangsung dari 1907 sampai when the frst restoration by the Dutch Indies 1911. Insinyur yang ditugaskan, Theodore Van Government took place from 1907 to 1911. The Erp, mengikuti sebuah pendekatan konservasi assigned engineer, Theodore Van Erp, followed a yang modern pada saat itu dan mengacu pada very modern approach to conservation at the time penghormatan tinggi terhadap keaslian monumen. and was guided by high respect of the authenticity Walaupun memiliki keterbatasan dalam dukungan of the monument. While Van Erp had very limited fnansial, ia mampu menstabilkan beberapa teras, fnancial support, he was able to stabilize several memperbaiki sistem drainase air melalui jaladwara terraces, repair the gargoyle system and to prepare (patung pancuran air) dan menyiapkan dokumen- a very detailed photo-documentation of the temple. tasi foto candi dengan rinci. 9 Second Conservation Phase Konservasi Tahap 2 1973 – 1982 10

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