Conservation for a New Era

224 Pages·2009·4.95 MB·English

Conservation for a New Era
Jeffrey A. McNeely and Susan A. Mainka
International Union for Conservation of Nature

Conservation for a New Era
Jeffrey A. McNeely and Susan A. Mainka
ISBN: 978-2-8317-1178-2
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The text of this book Citation: McNeely, J.A. and Mainka, S.A. 2009. Conservation for a New Era. IUCN, Gland,
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Table of Contents
Acronyms .....................................................................................................................................4
Foreword ......................................................................................................................................6
Preface .........................................................................................................................................8
Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................11
1. The Barcelona Forum: A Diverse and Sustainable World .................................................................12
2. The Ethics of 21st Century Conservation...........................................................................................26
3. The Central Role of People ................................................................................................................32
4. Ecosystem Services: The Benefits People Receive from Nature........................................................38
5. Climate Change and Biodiversity ......................................................................................................46
6. Protected Areas: For Life’s Sake .........................................................................................................56
7. Species Conservation: Today’s Challenges ........................................................................................62
8. A Post-Petroleum Future: What Does it Mean for Conservation? ....................................................70
9. Conservation and Armed Conflict .....................................................................................................78
10. Confronting Disaster: Ecosystem Considerations for Post-Disaster Recovery ................................86
11. Human Health and Biodiversity: How Conservation Can Contribute ...........................................92
12. Developing a “Green” Economy ........................................................................................................98
13. Technology and Conservation ..........................................................................................................106
14. International Cooperation ................................................................................................................114
15. Working with the Private Sector .......................................................................................................122
16. Forest Systems: Seeing the Forests and the Trees ............................................................................130
17. Marine Systems: Directing Conservation to the Sea .......................................................................138
18. Dryland Systems: It’s about Water ...................................................................................................144
19. Freshwater Systems: Managing Flows for People and Nature .........................................................152
20. Agricultural Systems: Biodiversity in Domesticated Landscapes....................................................160
21. Urban Systems: Conservation in the City .......................................................................................168
22. A MAP for Conservation in a New Era ............................................................................................176
References ...............................................................................................................................186
Index ........................................................................................................................................207
Acronyms
ABS Access and Benefit-Sharing FDI Foreign Direct Investment
ADB Asian Development Bank FLEG Forest Law Enforcement and
BBOP Business Biodiversity Offsets Programme Governance
BIP Biodiversity Indicators Partnership FLEGT Forest Law Enforcement, Governance
BOD Biological Oxygen Demand and Trade
CBD Convention on Biological Diversity FTAA Free Trade Area for the Americas
CCAD Comisión Centroamericana de Ambiente GBO Global Biodiversity Outlook
y Desarollo GDM Green Development Mechanism
CCS Carbon Capture and Storage GDP Gross Domestic Product
CDM Clean Development Mechanism GEF Global Environment Facility
CEC IUCN Commission on Education GFP Growing Forestry Partnerships
and Communication GHG Greenhouse Gas
CEESP IUCN Commission on Environmental, GISP Global Invasive Species Programme
Economic and Social Policy GWP Global Water Partnership
CEFDHAC Conférence sur les Ecosystèmes de Forêts GMO Genetically Modified Organism(s)
Denses et Humides d’Afrique Centrale GSTC Global Sustainable Tourism
CEL IUCN Commission on Criteria Partnership
Environmental Law HDI Human Development Index
CEM IUCN Commission on ICT Information and Communication
Ecosystem Management Technology
CIFOR Center for International ICCAT International Commission for
Forestry Research Conservation of Atlantic Tuna
CITES Convention on International ICMM International Council on Mining
Trade in Endangered Species and Metals
of Wild Fauna and Flora ICRAF International Council for Research
CMS Convention on Migratory Species in Agroforestry
COP Conference of Parties IEA International Energy Agency
CPF Collaborative Partnership on Forests IIED International Institute for
CSD Commission on Sustainable Environment and Development
Development IISD International Institute for
CSR Corporate Social Responsibility Sustainable Development
DAC Development Assistance Committee IOSEA Indian Ocean South East Asia Marine
(of the OECD) Turtle Memorandum of Understanding
DALY Disability Adjusted Life Years IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on
EbA Ecosystem-based Adaptation Climate Change
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ISSC-MAP International Standard for
ELC Environmental Law Centre Sustainable Wild Collection of
ES Ecosystem Services Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization ISSG Invasive Species Specialist Group
of the United Nations IT Information Management Technology
ITTO International Tropical Timber UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the
Organization Law of the Sea 5
IUCN International Union for UNCTAD United Nations Conference on
Conservation of Nature Trade and Development
IUFRO International Union of Forest UN DESA United Nations Department of
Research Organizations Economic and Social Affairs
IUU Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported UNDP United Nations Development
IWRM Integrated Water Resources Programme
Management UNECE United Nations Economic
IWSC International Water Sanitation Centre Commission for Europe
KBA Key Biodiversity Area(s) UNEP United Nations Environment
MDG Millennium Development Goal(s) Programme
MEA Multilateral Environmental Agreement UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific
MA Millennium Ecosystem Assessment and Cultural Organization
MNC Multinational Companies UNFCCC United Nations Framework
MPA Marine Protected Area Convention on Climate Change
NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategies UNFF United Nations Forum on Forests
and Action Plans UNWTO United Nations World Tourism
NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Organization
Development VPA Voluntary Partnership Agreements
ODA Official Development Assistance WB World Bank
OECD Organisation for Economic WBCSD World Business Council for
Co-operation and Development Sustainable Development
PA Protected Area WCC World Conservation Congress
PALNet Protected Areas Learning Network WCED World Commission on Environment
PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction and Development
PES Payments for Ecosystem Services WCPA World Commission on Protected Areas
REDD Reducing Emissions from WDPA World Database on Protected Areas
Deforestation and forest Degradation WGWAP Western Grey Whale Advisory Panel
RTA Regional Trade Agreements WHO World Health Organization
RFP Requests for Proposals WMO World Meteorological Organization
RSB Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels WRI World Resources Institute
SFM Sustainable Forest Management WSSD World Summit on Sustainable
SME Small to Medium-size Enterprises Development
SEI Stockholm Environment Institute WTO World Trade Organization
SSC IUCN Species Survival Commission WWF World Wide Fund for Nature (World
TEEB The Economics of Ecosystems Wildlife Fund, in some countries)
and Biodiversity
UNCCD United Nations Convention to
Combat Desertification
Foreword
Conversation alone cannot deliver
conservation on the ground. Not
even good conversation.
Good conservation outcomes need
hard work, mainly in the field. A
conservationist’s life is long hours
of travelling to get there, longer
hours of observation, even longer
hours of analysis, deep thought and
synthesis – and then more hours
in the laboratory and the library,
documenting and communicating.
This does not mean that a life in
conservation is tedious; on the
contrary, its very nature is fun – but
its primary fun is in nature.
Nevertheless, as for all professions, advancement
of knowledge in conservation depends on
sharing, critiquing, questioning, refining and
honing ideas from research and for action
through interaction with colleagues and peers
from related and other disciplines. Modern
communications have revolutionized the
possibilities for such sharing but ultimately
there is no substitute for physical encounters
where researchers and practitioners can meet and
exchange information on what they are doing.
The ultimate encounter is, of course, the periodic
global congress that brings professionals together
in large enough numbers to demarcate the consensus that emerged from the Congress, that 7
current frontiers of knowledge, create collective IUCN’s heartland of species, protected areas
benchmarks and establish connections and and ecosystems work will now increasingly be a
networks for future work. And there is nothing critical element for any societal strategy that can
like such a congress to focus the mind of a lead to a sustainable future. And it describes how
professional by providing a formal audience, the conservation community is responding to this
venue and deadline for presenting recent challenge – and opportunity.
progress and identifying opportunities for the
The richness of this book’s content and the
next quantum jumps needed in our knowledge
accessibility of its language, structure and
and understanding.
presentation should make it many things to many
In other words, though conversation is not people: a source book for school students; a
supplementary text for undergraduates; a resource
sufficient by itself, good conservation does need
compendium for practitioners and civil society
the occasional good conversation.
organizations; and a reference volume for decision
This is why, in 1996, IUCN decided to expand
makers in government, business and the design
the Members’ Assembly that it holds every
professions. And maybe even bed-time reading
four years into the World Conservation
for those who love nature. In short, a fine record
Congress (WCC), to bring together the top
of what was evidently a very vibrant conversation.
conservationists from all regions and nations
Which is what conservation surely deserves.
to discuss and share their work and findings.
Ashok Khosla
WCC 2008, held in Barcelona in October and
President, IUCN
attended by more than 7,000 participants, was the
largest civil society conference ever held in the
domain of environment. It represented a valuable
opportunity for IUCN Members, Commissions
and partners, individuals, NGOs, governments
and businesses to debate the many issues that
concern the conservation community today.
This book, Conservation for a New Era, presents
a synthesis of those wide-ranging discussions. It
examines the state of our natural resources today,
the stage at which conservation stands, and the
current trends in these. It underlines the clear
Preface
This book was inspired by the World Conservation for a New Era is intended as a
Conservation Forum that took place in October milestone setting out current thinking for today’s
2008 in Barcelona, Spain, as part of the fourth scientists, managers and politicians – all of whom
World Conservation Congress (WCC)1. The face biodiversity-related challenges. None of
Forum welcomed more than 7,000 committed these chapters are meant to be the final word
conservationists who discussed and debated the on the subject. Quite the contrary, they are
urgent issues facing biodiversity today and to designed to help generate or sustain discussion
be expected in the future. More than 900 events and further research on the various topics being
took place during the four days of the Forum raised. We hope that the book also inspires
and this book attempts to capture the flavour, everyone to act urgently to address the challenges
although certainly not the detail, of those to conservation. The breadth of topics covered in
discussions. We have freely incorporated many this volume also demonstrates that 21st century
examples that were presented during the various conservation permeates many parts of society.
WCC events, without seeking to specify what
We now have more compelling evidence than
came out of which event. The chapters are often
ever before that nature faces unprecedented
rather eclectic in their approach to the topic,
threats, that these threats are caused by humans,
reflecting the content of the various events and
and that the solutions are in our hands. The
incorporating some of the current literature on
overview presented here points to some new
the topic. The Forum Resource Centre (http://
directions for conservation, which will hopefully
www.iucn.org/congress_08) provides access to all
inspire an expanded constituency to engage with
the information made available publicly by event
the challenges and compel action towards a more
organizers and speakers, including PowerPoint
sustainable society. In the long run, collaborative
presentations, workshop reports, background
and innovative action is our best hope to enable
documents and summary reports.
productive courses of action to be followed.
This volume seeks to put the Forum into a broader
Editors: Jeffrey A. McNeely and Susan A. Mainka
framework of global conservation concerns.
While seeking to capture the key messages from
1. Historically, IUCN separated its General Assemblies, which focussed
the WCC in Barcelona, as editors and compilers on the statutory requirements of a meeting of Members, and Technical
we have sought to bring the various perspectives Conferences which focussed on the conservation issues of the day. Prior
to the Montreal meeting in 1996, the IUCN Council decided that it
into a coherent synthesis that also draws on recent
would be more sensible to combine these into a single event, called the
conservation literature. We start by reviewing the World Conservation Congress (WCC). The Barcelona meeting was
the fourth in this new configuration. The three previous Congresses took
key issues involved; we then address the issues
place in Montreal, Canada, in 1996, Amman, Jordan, in 2000, and
from the perspective of biodiversity. in Bangkok, Thailand, in 2004.