Conservation biology : evolution in action

393 Pages·2008·3.925 MB·English

by  Scott P Carroll, Charles W Fox

conservation biology
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CONSERVATION BIOLOGY
Evolution in Action
Edited by
Scott P. Carroll
Charles W. Fox

1
2008
3
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Conservationbiology:evolutioninaction/editedbyScottP.Carroll
andCharlesW.Fox.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN:978-0-19-530679-8;978-0-19-530678-1(pbk.)
1.Conservationbiology.I.Carroll,ScottP.II.Fox,CharlesW.
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576—dc22 2007044664
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Preface
At no time in the nearly four billion years since provides the foundation for designing new and
the origin of life on earth has our planet seen integrative strategies. Central to our perspective is
such tremendous environmental change. Even the the discovery that a great many organisms, from
major mass extinctions in prehuman earth his- microbestotrees,arerapidlyevolvinginresponseto
tory (Raup & Sepkoski, 1982) are mere blips theirchangingenvironments.Asrisksandresources
in comparison with the current biodiversity crisis. changeinform, distribution, andabundance, they
Human actions and impacts such as the elimina- create new niches, affect competition, add or sub-
tion, fragmentation, and conversion of habitats; tractenemies,andgenerallyrecastthelandscapefor
mass poisoning; overharvesting; species introduc- surviving taxa. Selection is now operating in new
tions; and climate change dramatically alter the directions and at new intensities, and the degree
localandglobalcarryingcapacitiesofotherspecies. towhichpopulationsrespondadaptivelycandeter-
But they also do more. By modifying the chal- mine their capacity to persist. Moreover, adaptive
lengesorganismsface,andtheresour cestheyhave evolution, emerging from the demographic and
toaddressthosechallenges,wearealteringthecon- geneticchaossufferedby“refugeetaxa,”mayprove
ditions under which behavioral and physiological to be of foremost importance in altering the form
traitsareexpressedandinwhichecologicalinterac- and structure of species, interspecific interactions,
tionsoccur.Thesechangesaffecttheselectiveenvi- andcommunitiesinthecomingyears,decades,and
ronments encountered by organisms, influencing millennia.
evolutionarydynamics,whichinturnfeedbackto If heretofore unanticipated, widespread evolu-
affectecologicaldynamics.Conservationproblems tion is itself a major component of global change.
arethuseco-evolutionaryinnature,ratherthanjust Staticmodels—thosethattreattheecologicalplay-
ecological, demographic, or genetic (Kinnison & ers as passive bystanders in the ecological play—
Hairston, 2007). This ecoevolutionary nature of are now obsolete. Understanding and managing
responses to environmental change is the focus of ongoing adaptation to global change requires new
thisbook. perspectives to accommodate, exploit, and man-
Thereisthusaclearandpresentneedtodevelop age evolutionary processes of conservation con-
practical approaches to managing our biodiver- cern,whichincludepopulationstructuringandthe
sity problems that consider a role of evolution pace and extent of gene flow, the maintenance
occurring during the time frame of the conser- and expression of phenotypic polymorphisms and
vation program. Evolutionary theory is the pre- plasticity, niche specialization versus generalism,
dictive core of the biological sciences, and it costs versus benefits of harvesting and of genetic
vi Preface
engineering, and diversity management decisions Allchaptersinthisbookwerereviewedbypeers,
above and below the species level. If we succeed usually two or three scientists with expertise in
in protecting species and biota demographically, thetopicscoveredbythechapter. Thesereviewers
a chief outcome may be to provide raw mate- offeredinsightfulcommentaryonthechaptersand
rial for both targeted and unmanaged evolution. have made this a much better volume. We thank
Accordingly, the principal challenge of evolution- Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse, Paul Agapow, Fred
ary conservation biology is to predict and then Allendorf, Suzanne Alonzo, Mike Angilletta, Tris-
manage evolutionary dynamics, and make con- tanArmstrong, LeslieBlancas, JanetteBoughman,
servation (and preservation) plans that maximize Juan Bouzat, Linda Broadhurst, Jeremy Burdon,
evolutionarypotential—forexample,byprotecting Mar Cabeza, Christina Caruso, Denis Couvet,
communitiesthathaveunprecedentedassemblages Richard Cowling, George Gilchrist, John Kelly,
ofjuxtaposed,andrapidlyevolving,remnanttaxa. HollyKindsvater,MikeKinnison,MikeLoeb,Arne
Itisourhopethattheauthorsofthisvolumeprovide Mooers, Patrick Nosil, Stephen O’Brien, Julian
insightsthatultimatelycontributetothesuccessof Olden, Otso Ovaskainen, William Perry, David
suchefforts. Reed, Gerald Rehfeldt, Kevin Rice, Kim Scrib-
This volume is intended to introduce, explore, ner, Mike Singer, David Tallmon, John Thomp-
andelaborateevolutionaryapproachestoconserva- son,PeterThrall,AndrewWeeks,AlastairWilson,
tionbiology.Thevolumeisdividedintofiveparts, and a few reviewers who asked to remain anony-
each of which is preceded by a brief introduction mous,fortheirconstructivecommentsonindividual
andcommentary. ThechaptersinPartI,“Popula- chapters.WeespeciallythankMikeLoebforcopy-
tion Structure and Genetics of Threatened Taxa,” editingchaptersandcompilingthefinalversionof
present the history and general concepts of con- thebook.
servation genetics, and examine the interaction of Last,andmostimportant,wethanktheauthors
genetic and demographic factors. Part II, “Con- for their dedication to this project. The success of
serving Biodiversity within and among Species,” this volume, and its influence on the conservation
focusesonevolutionaryprocesses,theirrelationship community, ultimately depends on the quality of
to biodiversity at different taxonomic levels, and thechaptersandthusonthehardwork,creativity,
how they influence practical conservation issues, andinsightofthecontributingauthors. Thanksto
includingthereintroductionofthreatenedtaxaand allofyou!
thelossofdistinctivepopulationstohybridization.
The chapters in Part III, “Evolutionary Responses
ScottP.Carroll
to Environmental Change,” examine both genetic
CharlesW.Fox
andphenotypicmodesofadaptationtothestresses
and opportunities associated with g lobal change
phenomena. Part IV, “Conservation of the Co- REFERENCES
evolving Web of Life,” examines the evolutionary
and co-evolutionary causes and consequences of
changing interspecific dynamics, including species Kinnison,M.T.,&N.G.HairstonJr.2007.
invasions,extinctions,andhostparasitedynamics. Eco-evolutionaryconservationbiology:
The fifth and concluding portion of the volume, Contemporaryevolutionandthedynamicsof
“Evolutionary Management,” presents evolution- persistence.FunctEcol.21:444–454.
Raup,D.,&J.Sepkoski.1982.Massextinctions
ary analyses of three critically important areas:
inthemarinefossilrecord.Science
reservedesign,managementoftransgeneflowinto
215:1501–1503.
the wilds, and the sustainable harvest of wild
populations.
Contents
ListofContributors x
PartI PopulationStructureandGeneticsofThreatenedTaxa
Introduction 1
CharlesW.Fox,ScottP.Carroll
1 TheHistory,Purview,andFutureofConservationGenetics 5
JohnC.Avise
2 EffectsofPopulationSizeonPopulationViability:FromMutationto
EnvironmentalCatastrophes 16
DavidH.Reed
3 DemographicsversusGeneticsinConservationBiology 35
BarryW.Brook

4 MetapopulationStructureandtheConservationConsequences
ofPopulationFragmentation 50
JuliannoB.M.Sambatti,EliStahl,SusanHarrison
5 TheInfluenceofBreedingSystemsandMatingSystemsonConservation
GeneticsandConservationDecisions 68
MicheleR.Dudash,CourtneyJ.Murren
PartII ConservingBiodiversitywithinandamongSpecies
Introduction 81
FredW.Allendorf
6 TheImportanceofConservingEvolutionaryProcesses 85
ThomasB.Smith,GregoryF.Grether
7 PhylogeneticDiversityandConservation 99
DanielP.Faith
viii Contents
8 GeneticConsiderationsofIntroductionEfforts 116
PhilippineVergeer,N.JoopOuborg,AndrewP.Hendry
9 Hybridization,Introgression,andtheEvolutionaryManagement
ofThreatenedSpecies 130
JudithM.Rhymer
PartIII EvolutionaryResponsestoEnvironmentalChange
Introduction 141
GeorgeW.Gilchrist,DonnaG.Folk
10 EvolutioninResponsetoClimateChange 145
JulieR.Etterson
11 EvolutionaryDynamicsofAdaptationtoEnvironmentalStress 164
GeorgeW.Gilchrist,DonnaG.Folk
12 ManagingPhenotypicVariabilitywithGeneticand
EnvironmentalHeterogeneity:AdaptationasaFirstPrinciple
ofConservationPractice 181
ScottP.Carroll,JasonV.Watters
13 GeneticDiversity,AdaptivePotential,andPopulation
ViabilityinChangingEnvironments 199
ElizabethGraceBoulding
PartIV ConservationoftheCoevolvingWebofLife
Introduction 221
JohnN.Thompson
14 TheGeographicMosaicofCoevolutionandItsConservation

Significance 225
CraigW.Benkman,ThomasL.Parchman,AdamM.Siepielski
15 TheNextCommunities:EvolutionandIntegrationof
InvasiveSpecies 239
ScottP.Carroll,CharlesW.Fox
16 EcosystemRecovery:LessonsfromthePast 252
GeeratJ.Vermeij
17 Host–PathogenEvolution,Biodiversity,andDisease
RisksforNaturalPopulations 259
SoniaAltizer,AmyB.Pedersen
PartV EvolutionaryManagement
Introduction 279
MichaelT.Kinnison
Contents ix
18 ConservationPlanningandGeneticDiversity 281
MaileC.Neel
19 ImplicationsofTransgeneEscapeforConservation 297
MichelleMarvier
20 EvolutionandSustainabilityofHarvestedPopulations 308
MikkoHeino,UlfDieckmann
References 325
Index 377