Consciousness. From Perception to Reflection in the History of Philosophy

365 Pages·2007·2.468 MB·English

by  Sara Heinämaa, Vili Lähteenmäki (eds.)

CONSCIOUSNESS
From Perception to Reflection
in the History of Philosophy
STUDIES IN THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY
OF MIND
Volume 4
Editors
Henrik Lagerlund,Uppsala University,Sweden
Mikko Yrjönsuuri,Academy of Finland and University of Jyväskylä,
Finland
Board of Consulting Editors
Lilli Alanen,Uppsala University,Sweden
Joël Biard,University of Tours,France
Michael Della Rocca,Yale University,U.S.A.
Eyjólfur Emilsson,University of Oslo,Norway
André Gombay,University of Toronto,Canada
Patricia Kitcher,Columbia University,U.S.A.
Simo Knuuttila,University of Helsinki,Finland
Béatrice M.Longuenesse,New York University,U.S.A.
Calvin Normore,University of California,Los Angeles,U.S.A.
Aims and Scope
The aim of the series is to foster historical research into the nature of think-
ing and the workings of the mind.The volumes address topics of intellectual
history that would nowadays fall into different disciplines like philosophy of
mind, philosophical psychology, artificial intelligence, cognitive science, etc.
The monographs and collections of articles in the series are historically reli-
able as well as congenial to the contemporary reader. They provide original
insights into central contemporary problems by looking at them in historical
contexts, addressing issues like consciousness, representation and intention-
ality,mind and body,the self and the emotions.In this way,the books open
up new perspectives for research on these topics.
CONSCIOUSNESS
From Perception to Reflection
in the History of Philosophy
Edited by
SARA HEINÄMAA
University of Helsinki, Finland
VILI LÄHTEENMÄKI
University of Jyväskylä, Finland
and
PAULIINA REMES
University of Helsinki, Finland and
Uppsala University, Sweden
A C.I.P.Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library ofCongress.
ISBN 978-1-4020-6081-6 (HB)
ISBN 978-1-4020-6082-3 (e-book)
Published by Springer,
P.O.Box 17,3300 AA Dordrecht,The Netherlands.
www.springer.com
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
© 2007 Springer
No part ofthis work may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted
in any form or by any means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,microfilming,
recording or otherwise,without written permission from the Publisher,with the
exception ofany material supplied specifically for the purpose ofbeing entered
and executed on a computer system,for exclusive useby the purchaser ofthe work.
CONTENTS
Acknowledgements ix
Contributors xi
Introduction 1
Historical Sensitivities 1
‘Consciousness’ 6
Intentionality 10
Subjectivity 14
Reflexivity and Reflection 20
Naturalizing Consciousness 23
PART I:ANCIENT AND ARABIC PHILOSOPHY
1. On Plato’s Lack of Consciousness 29
Amber Carpenter
1.1 Losing Consciousness 29
1.2 Why What-It’s-Like Doesn’t Matter 33
1.3 Our Kind of Soul 38
1.4 The Consequences of Mind (Philebus) 41
1.5 Conclusion 47
2. The Problem of Consciousness in Aristotle’s Psychology 49
Juha Sihvola
2.1 Perceptual Consciousness 51
2.2 Emotions and Thinking 57
2.3 Self-Consciousness and its Limits 62
v
vi CONTENTS
3. Ownness of Conscious Experience in Ancient Philosophy 67
Pauliina Remes
3.1 Subjective and Objective? 69
3.2 Branches of Ownness 78
3.3 Conclusion 93
4. Sense-Perception and Self-Awareness:Before and After Avicenna 95
Jari Kaukua and Taneli Kukkonen
4.1 The Greek Commentators on Reflection and Perceptual
Awareness 97
4.2 Avicenna on the Internal Senses and Animal
Self-Awareness 101
4.3 After Avicenna:Self-Evidence and Self-Inspection 112
PART II:MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY AND EARLY
MODERN THOUGHT
5. Intention and Presence:The Notion of Presentialitas
in the Fourteenth Century 123
Joël Biard
5.1 From Duns Scotus to Peter Aureoli 127
5.2 From Aureoli to Peter of Ailly 136
6. The Structure of Self-Consciousness:
A Fourteenth-Century Debate 141
Mikko Yrjönsuuri
6.1 The Act of Awareness 143
6.2 William Ockham’s Theory 144
6.3 Walter Chatton’s Critique 147
6.4 Further Problems 149
6.5 Adam Wodeham’s Postscript 150
7. Augustine and Descartes on the Function of Attention
in Perceptual Awareness 153
Deborah Brown
7.1 Modern Psychological Perspectives 155
7.2 Augustine 158
7.3 Descartes 168
7.4 Conclusion 174
CONTENTS vii
8. Orders of Consciousness and Forms of Reflexivity in Descartes 177
Vili Lähteenmäki
8.1 Introduction 177
8.2 Consciousness as Thinking of Thinking 183
8.3 Rudimentary and Reflexive Consciousness 186
8.4 The Three Types of Consciousness and Infinite Regress 194
8.5 Reflexivity as Intentional Structure of Consciousness
and as Phenomenal Givenness 197
8.6 Relation of Reflexive Consciousness to Attentive
Reflection 199
9. The Status of Consciousness in Spinoza’s Concept of Mind 203
Jon Miller
9.1 Consciousness in the Seventeenth Century 204
9.2 The Problem 211
9.3 Two Solutions 212
9.4 Philosophy of Mind SansConsciousness 219
PART III:FROM KANT TO CONTEMPORARY DISCUSSIONS
10. Human Consciousness and its Transcendental Conditions:
Kant’s Anti-Cartesian Revolt 223
Kenneth R.Westphal
10.1 Introduction 223
10.2 The Modern “New Way of Ideas” 225
10.3 Kant’s Transcendental Grounds for Rejecting
Cartesianism 229
10.4 Conclusion 243
11. The Living Consciousness of the German Idealists 245
Susanna Lindberg
11.1 Fichte 248
11.2 Schelling 253
11.3 Hegel 259
11.4 Conclusion 264
12. The Heidelberg School and the Limits of Reflection 267
Dan Zahavi
12.1 The Higher-Order Theory 267
12.2 The Heidelberg School 270
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12.3 Tugendhat’s Criticism 279
12.4 Conclusion 281
13. Contemporary Naturalism and the Concept of Consciousness 287
Neil Manson
13.1 Epistemic Consciousness 288
13.2 Subjective Qualitative Consciousness 291
13.3 Naturalism 292
13.4 Contemporary Naturalism and the Concept
of Consciousness 297
13.5 Conclusion 307
14. Selfhood,Consciousness,and Embodiment:
A Husserlian Approach 311
Sara Heinämaa
14.1 The Transcendental Ego:Act-Pole,Person,and Monad 313
14.2 Personhood and Embodiment 321
Bibliography 329
Name Index 355
Subject Index 359
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
As editors,we wish to thank our colleagues for the collaboration and help in
different phases of the writing and editing of this book. We confine our-
selves to naming those directly involved in the project: our thanks are due
to the anonymous referee of Springer, Dan Lloyd, Sami Pihlström, Panu
Raatikainen, Juhana Toivanen and Mikko Yrjönsuuri for their comments
on the subject matter and the project in its different phases. We thank Olli
Sinivaara for his translation work and Bethany Fox for improving the
language of the Introduction chapter, as well as Timo Miettinen, Timo
Pankakoski and Anne Lehto for the important help in editing the volume.
We also wish toacknowledge the interest that Floor Oosting,the philosophy
editor of Springer,showed in our undertaking from its very early phases.This
project was hosted by the University of Helsinki, especially the Helsinki
Collegium for Advanced Studies,and financially supported by the Academy
of Finland.
Finally, we most gratefully acknowledge the support of our families and
significant others.
Sara Heinämaa,Vili Lähteenmäki and Pauliina Remes
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