Consciousness & emotion : agency, conscious choice, and selective perception PDF
Preview Consciousness & emotion : agency, conscious choice, and selective perception
Consciousness & Emotion Agency, conscious choice, and selective perception Consciousness & Emotion Book Series Consciousness & Emotion Book Series publishes original works on this topic, in philosophy, psychology and the neurosciences. The series emphasizes thoughtful analysis of the implications of both empirical and experiential (e.g., clinical psychological) approaches to emotion. It will include topical works by scientists who are interested in the implications of their empirical findings for an understanding of emotion and consciousness and their interrelations. Editors Ralph D. Ellis Natika Newton Clark Atlanta University Nassau County Community College, NY Editorial Board Carl M. Anderson Maxim I. Stamenov McLean Hospital, Harvard University School of Medi- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences cine, Cambridge, MA Douglas F. Watt Bill Faw Quincy Hospital, Boston, MA Brewton Parker College, Mt. Vernon, GA Peter Zachar Eugene T. Gendlin Auburn University, Montgomery, AL University of Chicago Jaak Panksepp Bowling Green State University, OH Advisory Editors Bernard J. Baars Alfred R. Mele Wright Institute, Berkeley, CA Florida State University, Talahassee, FL Thomas C. Dalton Martin Peper California Polytechnic Institute, San Luis Obispo, CA University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany Nicholas Georgalis Edward Ragsdale East Carolina Univeristy, Greenville, NC New York, NY George Graham Howard Shevrin Wake Forest University, Wake Forest, North Carolina University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI Valerie Gray Hardcastle Lynn Stephens Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, VA University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL Alfred W. Kaszniak Kathleen Wider University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ University of Michigan, Dearborn, MI Volume 1 Consciousness & Emotion: Agency, conscious choice, and selective perception Edited by Ralph D. Ellis and Natika Newton Consciousness & Emotion Agency, conscious choice, and selective perception Edited by Ralph D. Ellis Clark Atlanta University Natika Newton Nassau County Community College, NY John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam / Philadelphia TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of 8 American National Standard for Information Sciences – Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Consciousness & Emotion : agency, conscious choice, and selective perception / edited by Ralph D. Ellis and Natika Newton p. cm. (Consciousness & Emotion Book Series, v. 1) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Emotions and cognition. 2. Intentionalism. BF311.C64455 2005 152.4-dc22 2004062311 isbn 90 272 3228 8 (Eur.) / 1 58811 596 8 (US) (Hb; alk. paper) © 2005 – John Benjamins B.V. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. John Benjamins Publishing Co. · P.O. Box 36224 · 1020 me Amsterdam · The Netherlands John Benjamins North America · P.O. Box 27519 · Philadelphia pa 19118-0519 · usa JB[v.20020404] Prn:23/11/2004;9:12 F:Z131CO.tex / p.1(42-105) Table of contents Introduction ix RalphD.EllisandNatikaNewton I. Emotionalinfluencesonperceptionandthought Subjectiveprerequisitesfortheconstructionofanobjectiveworld 3 GudmundJ.W.SmithandIngegerdCarlsson Energeticeffectsofemotionsoncognitions:Complementary psychobiologicalandpsychosocialfindings 23 LucCiompiandJaakPanksepp Negativeaffectivestates’effectsonperceptionofaffectivepictures 57 F.PahlavanandT.Lubart Neuraldevelopment:Affectiveandimmunesysteminfluences 81 GeorgeF.R.EllisandJudithA.Toronchuk Consciousness,emotionandface:Anevent-relatedpotentials (ERP)study 121 MichelaBalconiandClaudioLucchiari Phenomenalconsciousness,senseimpressions,andthelogic of‘Whatit’slike’ 137 DavidBeisecker II. Agencyandchoice Exposingthecovertagent 157 AntonLethin Doingitandmeaningit:Andtherelationshipbetweenthetwo 181 MarekMcGannandSteveTorrance Anticipatoryconsciousness,Libet’svetoandaclose-enoughtheory offreewill 197 AzimF.ShariffandJordanB.Peterson Freud’sphenomenologyoftheemotions 217 ThomasNatsoulas JB[v.20020404] Prn:23/11/2004;9:12 F:Z131CO.tex / p.2(105-119) Tableofcontents Verbalexpressionsofselfandemotions:Ataxonomywith implicationsforAlexithymiaandrelateddisorders 243 LouiseSundararajanandLenhartK.Schubert III. Agencyandmoralvalue Aptaffect:Moralconceptmasteryandthephenomenology ofemotions 287 ElisaA.Hurley TheVarietiesofReligiousExperienceconsideredfromtheperspective ofJames’saccountofthestreamofconsciousness 303 ThomasNatsoulas Index 327 JB[v.20020404] Prn:23/11/2004;9:32 F:Z131AD.tex / p.1(43-222) Author addresses MichelaBalconi RalphD.Ellis CatholicUniversityofMilan ClarkAtlantaUniversity DepartmentofPsychology CampusP.O.Box81 LargoGemelli1 ATLANTA,GA30314 I-20123MILAN USA Italy [email protected] [email protected] GlennGeher DavidBeisecker DepartmentofPsychologyJFT314 DepartmentofPhilosophy StateUniversityofNewYork UniversityofNevada,LasVegas 75SouthManheimBoulevard 4505MarylandPkwy,Box455028 NewPaltz,NY12561 LasVegas,NV89154 USA USA [email protected] ElisaHurley IngegerdCarlsson PhilosophyDepartment DepartmentofPsychology NewNorthBuilding,2ndFloor LundUniversity,Box213 GeorgetownUniversity SE-22100LUND 37thandOStreets,NW Sweden Washington,D.C.20009 USA LucCiompi Sozialpsychiatrische AntonLethin Universitätsklinik 300MoncadaWay Murtenstrasse21 SanFrancisco,CA94127 CH-3010BERN USA Switzerland [email protected] GeorgeF.R.Ellis ToddLubart MathematicsDepartment UniversitéRenéDescartes UniversityofCapeTown InstitutdePsychologie Rondebosch7701 LaboratoiredePsychologiesociale CapeTown 71Av.EdouardVaillant SouthAfrica F-92774BOULOGNECEDEX [email protected] France JB[v.20020404] Prn:23/11/2004;9:32 F:Z131AD.tex / p.2(222-395) Authoraddresses MarekMcGann LenhartK.Schubert Dept.ofPsychology UniversityofRochester DBSSchoolofArts ComputerScience BalfeSt.,Dublin2 DepartmentRochester Ireland NY14627-0226 USA ThomasNatsoulas [email protected] DepartmentofPsychology UniversityofCalifornia,Davis AzimF.Shariff Davis,CA95616 PsychologyDepartment USA UniversityofToronto [email protected] 100St.GeorgeSt. Toronto,Ontario NatikaNewton Canada NassauCountyComm.College PhilosophyDept. GardenCity,NY11530 GudmundJ.W.Smith USA DepartmentofPsychology [email protected] LundUniversity,Box213 SE-22100LUND FarzanehPahlavan Sweden UniversitéRenéDescartes InstitutdePsychologie Dr.LouiseSundararajan LaboratoiredePsychologieSociale 691FrenchRoad 71,Av.EdouardVaillant Rochester,NY14618 92774Boulognecedex USA France [email protected] JaakPanksepp JudithA.Toronchuk BowlingGreenStateUniversity PsychologyDepartment JPScottCenterforNeuroscience, TrinityWesternUniversity MindandBehaviorDepartment 7600GloverRoad ofPsychology Langley,B.C.V2Y1Y1 BowlingGreen,OH43403-0228 Canada USA [email protected] SteveTorrance JordanPeterson SchoolofHealth& PsychologyDepartment SocialSciences UniversityofToronto MiddlesexUniversity 100St.GeorgeSt.,Toronto,Ontario Enfield,EN34SF Canada UnitedKingdom JB[v.20020404] Prn:13/01/2005;13:50 F:Z131IN.tex / p.1(41-116) Introduction RalphD.EllisandNatikaNewton The papersin this volume are organized aroundthe centraltheme of “Enac- tivism”, a topic that is verydearto both editors and that has previously been exploredin severalarticlesin the journalConsciousness& Emotion.The term “enaction” was coined by Varela et al. (1991), and is related to the “embod- iment” (Clark 1997) movement in cognitive psychology and philosophy of mind.Theterm“embodiment”isoftenmisusedtomeanlittlemorethanthe thesis that the subject has a body, or that mental processes have physiologi- cal correlates. “Enactive” is more resistant to this misuse. Enactive processes, asthe name implies,are enacted ratherthan merelyundergonebytheir sub- jects.In the case of emotion,we arenot merelythe recipientsofinformation orthe passivevictimsofinputandlearning.The organismfirstisengagedin anongoing,complexpatternofself-organizationalactivity,forthepurposeof maintaining a dynamical continuity of pattern across changes of subserving micro-constituents and environmentalconditions. This dynamical structure, which allows organisms to seek out, appropriate, replace and reshape their own micro-constituents as well as environmentalaffordances (within limits) makesuse of multiple shunt mechanisms, feedbackloops, andother features ofcomplexdynamicalsystems.Thisself-organizationalstructurecanbeused to distinguish between action (in the most primitive, minimal sense) and merereaction. Notalloftheauthorsinthisvolumespeakthesametheoreticallanguage, buttheyallcontributetounderstandingtheactiveratherthanpassivebasisof emotionalprocesses,andthewaythoseinturnareneededtogroundothercon- scious processes, including attention and perception. The papers are focused onthreeaspectsoftheemotion-groundedenactionofconsciousprocesses. JB[v.20020404] Prn:13/01/2005;13:50 F:Z131IN.tex / p.2(116-146) RalphD.EllisandNatikaNewton PartI.Emotionalinfluencesonperceptionandthought The notion that emotion influencesperception and thought in major ways– notjust“coloring”theminanadditiveway,butactuallygroundingthemand at least partly determining their content and perhaps even their possibility – isanideathathasbeengainingfavorveryrecently.Itisdemonstratedempiri- callyinseveralofthepapersinthecurrentvolume.Atatheoreticallevel,Smith andCarlssonexploreinamulti-disciplinarywaytheinfluenceofemotionally- determinedsubjectivecategoriesonthewayweconstructtheobjectiveworld in general. This paper will be especially interesting to phenomenologically- oriented readers. Ciompi and Panksepp show from two differentapproaches in what way emotion influences cognition. In an empirical study, Pahlavan andLubart,focusingonbehavioralcorrelatesandusinganemotionalface-to- face recognition paradigm, conclude that perceptual objects selectively enter our emotional awarenessdependingon their emotionalvalence.Balconi and Lucchiari, taking a more neurophysiological approach, use event related po- tentialstoreachaconclusionthatoverlapssignificantlywiththatofPahlavan andLubart. The David Beisecker paper is located squarelyin the analytic philosophy of mind tradition, and attempts to dispel the notion that the “what it’s like” dimension of consciousness is unexplainable within a physicalist framework; heretoo,consciousnessemergesassomethingthesubjectdoesratherthanin- formationthatisreceivedbythesubject.Whileitmaybemysteriousthatone personcannotreceivethesameinformationthatanothercan,itisnotsomys- teriousthat one person cannotliterallyexecute numerically the same actions asanother–thoughtheactionsoftwodifferentpeoplemaybesimilaroreven interactive. To complete this section on emotional influences on perception and thought,thepaperbyEllis(norelation)andToronchukexplorestwotheoret- icalhypothesesthathavealreadyachievedagoodbitofempiricalgrounding, andbothofwhichreflectindifferentwaystheself-organizingprocessesunder- lying motivated organisms: Panksepp’s idea that endogenous emotional sys- temsinthebrainalreadymotivatehighlycomplexemotionalprocessesthatare notbasedonlearningandconditioningbyassociationwithsimpleremotions; and Edelman’s “neural Darwinism” hypothesis. What both of these theories have in common is that they explain highly complex motivational influences onbehaviorintermsofendogenousfeaturesofthewaysystemsareorganized, rather than emphasizing classical and instrumental conditioning as ways for complex valence-directed attitudes (emotions, motivations, feelings, and be-
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