ebook img

Conscience as cognition : phenomenological complementing of Aquinas's theory of conscience PDF

225 Pages·2013·2.28 MB·English
by  Thomas
Save to my drive
Quick download
Download
Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.

Preview Conscience as cognition : phenomenological complementing of Aquinas's theory of conscience

Conscience as Cognition European Studies in Theology, Philosophy and History of Religions Edited by Bartosz Adamczewski Vol. 7 Jan Krokos Conscience as Cognition Phenomenological Complementing of Aquinas's Theory of Conscience Bibliographic Information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. The publication was financially supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education – National Programme for the Development of Humanities Translation: Skrivanek Sp. z o.o. ISSN 2192-1857 ISBN 978-3-631-62701-3 (Print) E-ISBN 978-3-653-02505-7 (E-Book) DOI 10.3726/978-3-653-02505-7 © Peter Lang GmbH Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften Frankfurt am Main 2013 All rights reserved. Peter Lang Edition is an Imprint of Peter Lang GmbH. Peter Lang – Frankfurt am Main · Bern · Bruxelles · New York · Oxford · Warszawa · Wien All parts of this publication are protected by copyright. Any utilisation outside the strict limits of the copyright law, without the permission of the publisher, is forbidden and liable to prosecution. This applies in particular to reproductions, translations, microfilming, and storage and processing in electronic retrieval systems. This book is part of the Peter Lang Edition list and was peer reviewed prior to publication. www.peterlang.com Table of Contents Introduction ......................................................................................................... 9 0.1. Subject of the study and its justification ....................................................... 9 0.2. Modern directions of research into the conscience ...................................... 14 0.3. Structure of the study and method .............................................................. 18 Chapter One The Context of Thomas’s Teaching on Conscience ....................................... 21 1.1. Scriptum super libros Sententiarum ............................................................ 22 1.1.1. Genesis of the work .......................................................................... 22 1.1.2. General description of the work ....................................................... 23 1.1.3. The place of the teaching on conscience .......................................... 24 1.2. Quaestiones disputatae De veritate ............................................................ 26 1.2.1. Genesis of the work .......................................................................... 26 1.2.2. General description of the work ....................................................... 28 1.2.3. The place of the teaching on conscience .......................................... 30 1.3. Summa theologiae ....................................................................................... 31 1.3.1. Genesis of the work .......................................................................... 31 1.3.2. General description of the work ....................................................... 32 1.3.3. The place of the teaching on conscience .......................................... 34 1.4. Summary ..................................................................................................... 38 Chapter Two Saint Thomas’s Questions about Conscience ................................................. 41 2.1. Theory of questions by Aristotle and Thomas ............................................ 41 2.1.1. Outline of the theory of questions by Aristotle ................................ 42 2.1.2. Thomas’s theory of questions ........................................................... 52 2.2. Analysis of Thomas’s questions about conscience ..................................... 56 2.2.1. General characteristics of Thomas’s questions about conscience .... 56 2.2.2. Questions about conscience in particular works of Thomas Aquinas ........................................................................... 60 2.2.2.1. Summa theologiae ............................................................... 60 2.2.2.2. Quaestiones disputatae De veritate .................................... 61 2.2.2.3. Scriptum super libros Sententiarum ................................... 62 2.2.3. Typology of Thomas’s questions about conscience ......................... 63 2.2.3.1. Questions about synderesis ................................................. 64 2.2.3.1.1. Question about the kind of being of synderesis ..... 64 2.2.3.1.2. Question about functioning of synderesis.......... 65 2.2.3.1.3. Question about properties of synderesis ........... 66 6 Table of Contents 2.2.3.2. Questions about conscience (conscientia)..........................66 2.2.3.2.1. Question about the kind of being of conscience .... 67 2.2.3.2.2. Question about functioning of conscience ......... 67 2.2.3.2.3. Questions about action by judgement of conscience ...................................................... 68 2.3. Summary ..................................................................................................... 69 Chapter Three Thomas Aquinas’s Teaching on Conscience ................................................... 73 3.1. Synderesis .................................................................................................... 73 3.1.1. Synderesis as a natural habit ............................................................. 73 3.1.1.1. Summa theologiae ............................................................... 75 3.1.1.2. Quaestiones disputatae De veritate .................................... 81 3.1.1.3. Scriptum super libros Sententiarum ................................... 84 3.1.2. The functioning of synderesis .......................................................... 87 3.1.3. The properties of synderesis – its permanence ................................. 90 3.1.3.1. Quaestiones disputatae De veritate .................................... 91 3.1.3.2. Scriptum super libros Sententiarum ................................... 92 3.2. Conscience (conscientia) ............................................................................ 94 3.2.1. Conscience as act .............................................................................. 95 3.2.1.1. Summa theologiae ............................................................... 95 3.2.1.2. Quaestiones disputatae De veritate .................................... 98 3.2.1.3. Scriptum super libros Sententiarum ................................. 104 3.2.2. The functioning of conscience ........................................................ 107 3.2.2.1. Quaestiones disputatae De veritate .................................. 107 3.2.2.2. Scriptum super libros Sententiarum ................................. 109 3.2.3. The judgment of conscience and action ......................................... 110 3.2.3.1. Whether conscience is binding in general ........................ 111 3.2.3.2. Whether a false conscience is binding .............................. 112 3.2.3.2.1. Summa theologiae ............................................ 112 3.2.3.2.2. Quaestiones disputatae De veritate ................. 113 3.2.3.2.3. Scriptum super libros Sententiarum ................ 114 3.2.3.3. Whether a conscience is binding in its relation to law ..... 115 3.2.3.4. How conscience binds with respect to a particular act ..... 117 3.3. Summary .................................................................................................... 118 Chapter Four Etymology of the Terms: “Conscience” and “Consciousness” and their Usage ................................................................................................ 123 4.1. ............................................................................................ 124 4.2. Conscientia ................................................................................................ 128 Table of Contents 7 4.3. “Conscience” and “consciousness” in modern languages ........................ 130 4.4. Summary ................................................................................................... 133 Chapter Five The Human Act as the Object of Conscience ............................................... 135 5.1. Human acts and acts of man ...................................................................... 136 5.2. The human act as moral ............................................................................ 139 5.3. The realisation of the human act ............................................................... 147 5.4. The human act as a process and as an event ............................................. 152 5.5. Summary ................................................................................................... 156 Chapter Six Conscience and Cognition of the Human Act ............................................... 157 6.1. Conscience as consciousness of the human act ........................................ 157 6.1.1. Conscience and consciousness according to Thomas Aquinas ...... 158 6.1.2. Consciousness according to phenomenologists ............................. 162 6.2. Epistemic status of the human act and conscience ................................... 166 6.2.1. Metaphysical and phenomenological explanation of a distinguished epistemic status of the human act and conscience ................................................................................ 167 6.2.2. Significance of a distinguished epistemic status of the human act and conscience for science about conscience ..... 174 6.3. Non-actional and actional consciousness of the human act ...................... 180 6.4. Summary ................................................................................................... 187 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 189 Abbreviations ................................................................................................... 197 Bibliography ..................................................................................................... 201 Introduction The problem of conscience originates from the experience of morality, from the fact that at least sometimes we become aware that we should do something, while another time that we should not do something. We also become aware of the fact that we have done something good or bad, thus we in ourselves are – and are becoming – somebody good or bad. This “awareness” of one’s own acts, i.e. the fact of conscience, requires explanation and it has been explained vari- ously over the centuries1. Human being has always been interest in conscience. There has been no pe- riod in history that did not refer to conscience2. Biblical texts and treasures of ancient culture discuss conscience. The greatest authors of World and Polish literature3 masterfully show the “voice” of conscience calling in man, its mys- tery and complexity. We notice the theoretical consideration of conscience mainly in philosophical anthropology, ethics, moral theology and psychology. Meanwhile, it seams that the nature of the root of this problem is gnosiological (epistemological). 0.1. Subject of the study and its justification We want to analyse conscience as a specific cognition, i.e. source of knowledge about something. 1 E.g. the following books include a review of various interpretations of conscience and the problem of conscience: Das Gewissen, Zürich-Stuttgart 1958; Das Gewissen in der Diskussion, hrsg. J. Blühdorm, Darmstadt 1976 and P. Valadier, Éloge de la conscience, Paris, 1994. See also: Sumienie, wina, melancholia. Materiały polsko-niemieckiego se- minarium. Warszawa, Październik 1997, ed. P. Dybel, Warszawa 1999. 2 See: H. Reiner, Gewissen, in: Historisches Wörterbuch der Philosophie, Bd. 3, hrsg. J. Ritter, Basel-Stuttgart 1974, 574-592; E. Schick, R. Hofmann, H. Häfner, Gewissen, in: Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche, hrsg. J. Höfer, K. Rahner, Bd. 4, Freiburg 1960, 859-867. 3 It can be said that conscience is a great and common subject of literature, its “crucial experience”. Each great author deals directly or at least partially with the phenomenon of conscience. Let us put the example of the greatest authors: Sophocles, Dante, W. Shakespeare, F. Dostoyevsky, L. Tolstoy, G. Bernanos, F. Kafka, F. Mauriac, A. Camus, and among Polish authors – J. Słowacki, C.K. Norwid, S. Żeromski, G. Her- ling-Grudziński, Z. Herbert, J.J. Szczepański. The term “crucial experience” has been taken from A. Kijowski. W. Tomaszewska discusses it in Między ideą a rzeczywistoś- cią. Andrzeja Kijowskiego wizja literatury, Warszawa 2002, 77-88.

Description:
"This study analyzes conscience as a specific cognition, as an axiological consciousness of a human act. The doctrine of Thomas Aquinas plays an important role here: He assumes conscience to be a cognition; his concept of conscience is quite significant and had great influence on philosophical think
See more

The list of books you might like

Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.