connecting the dots: social capital and the college-going beliefs of rural appalachian students

182 Pages·2016·2.65 MB·English

UUnniivveerrssiittyy ooff KKeennttuucckkyy
UUKKnnoowwlleeddggee
Theses and Dissertations--Educational, School, Educational, School, and Counseling
and Counseling Psychology Psychology
2015
CCOONNNNEECCTTIINNGG TTHHEE DDOOTTSS:: SSOOCCIIAALL CCAAPPIITTAALL AANNDD TTHHEE CCOOLLLLEEGGEE--
GGOOIINNGG BBEELLIIEEFFSS OOFF RRUURRAALL AAPPPPAALLAACCHHIIAANN SSTTUUDDEENNTTSS
Amanda R. Butz
University of Kentucky, [email protected]
RRiigghhtt cclliicckk ttoo ooppeenn aa ffeeeeddbbaacckk ffoorrmm iinn aa nneeww ttaabb ttoo lleett uuss kknnooww hhooww tthhiiss ddooccuummeenntt bbeenneefifittss yyoouu..
RReeccoommmmeennddeedd CCiittaattiioonn
Butz, Amanda R., "CONNECTING THE DOTS: SOCIAL CAPITAL AND THE COLLEGE-GOING BELIEFS OF
RURAL APPALACHIAN STUDENTS" (2015). Theses and Dissertations--Educational, School, and
Counseling Psychology. 31.
https://uknowledge.uky.edu/edp_etds/31
This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Educational, School, and Counseling
Psychology at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--Educational, School,
and Counseling Psychology by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact
[email protected].
SSTTUUDDEENNTT AAGGRREEEEMMEENNTT::
I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution
has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining
any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained needed written permission statement(s)
from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing
electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine) which will be
submitted to UKnowledge as Additional File.
I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the irrevocable, non-exclusive, and
royalty-free license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of
media, now or hereafter known. I agree that the document mentioned above may be made
available immediately for worldwide access unless an embargo applies.
I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of my work. I also retain the right to use in
future works (such as articles or books) all or part of my work. I understand that I am free to
register the copyright to my work.
RREEVVIIEEWW,, AAPPPPRROOVVAALL AANNDD AACCCCEEPPTTAANNCCEE
The document mentioned above has been reviewed and accepted by the student’s advisor, on
behalf of the advisory committee, and by the Director of Graduate Studies (DGS), on behalf of
the program; we verify that this is the final, approved version of the student’s thesis including all
changes required by the advisory committee. The undersigned agree to abide by the statements
above.
Amanda R. Butz, Student
Dr. Ellen L. Usher, Major Professor
Dr. Kenneth M. Tyler, Director of Graduate Studies
CONNECTING THE DOTS: SOCIAL CAPITAL AND THE COLLEGE-GOING
BELIEFS OF RURAL APPALACHIAN STUDENTS

_______________________________________

DISSERTATION
_______________________________________

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the
College of Education
at the University of Kentucky

By

Amanda Ryan Butz

Lexington, Kentucky

Director: Dr. Ellen L. Usher, Associate Professor of Educational Psychology

Lexington, Kentucky

2015

Copyright © Amanda Ryan Butz 2015
ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION

CONNECTING THE DOTS: SOCIAL CAPITAL AND THE COLLEGE-GOING
BELIEFS OF RURAL APPALACHIAN STUDENTS

First-generation students and students of lower socioeconomic status often prepare for
postsecondary education without the benefit of information provided by their families,
resulting in lower levels of college access (Lundberg, 2007). Few researchers have sought
to understand how potential first-generation college students might go about obtaining
the necessary information for a successful transition to college. The purpose of this
dissertation was to determine to whom students talk about college and to explore the
potential reciprocal relationship between resources for and information about college
provided by others and students’ educational beliefs.

This dissertation consisted of two empirical studies. In the first study, the composition of
students’ networks and differences in social capital were examined among middle and
high school students from a rural Appalachian school district (N = 388). Students
reported to whom they talked about college and answered questions about each person
that they named. Junior and senior high school students spoke to fewer individuals about
college than middle grades students. Senior high school students spoke to individuals in
their networks more frequently than middle grades students. Boys spoke to fewer
individuals about college than girls. Boys received fewer pieces of information about
college compared to girls. Potential first-generation college students had fewer
individuals in their network who had completed a college degree.

The purpose of the second study was to examine the relationship between students’
college information networks and students’ beliefs about college. Participants were 364
students in Grades 6-12 from a rural Appalachian school district. Information on
students’ college information networks was collected to better understand the relationship
among first-generation college students’ access to social capital, their college-going self-
efficacy, and their educational aspirations. College-going self-efficacy and educational
aspirations were both significant predictors of available social capital. Social capital was
not a significant predictor of students’ educational beliefs. College cultural capital was a
significant predictor of students’ social capital and educational beliefs. Results of this
dissertation are discussed relative to social cognitive theory and suggestions for
educational interventions and future research are offered.

KEYWORDS: Rural Students, First-Generation College Students, Social Capital,
College-Going Self-Efficacy, Educational Aspirations

Amanda R. Butz
Student’s Signature

March 30, 2015

Date
CONNECTING THE DOTS: SOCIAL CAPITAL AND THE COLLEGE-GOING
BELIEFS OF RURAL APPALACHIAN STUDENTS

By

Amanda R. Butz

Dr. Ellen. L. Usher
Director of Dissertation

Dr. Kenneth M. Tyler
Director of Graduate Studies

March 30, 2015
Table of Contents
List of Tables .................................................................................................................... vi
List of Figures .................................................................................................................. vii
Chapter 1: Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1
Organization of the Dissertation .................................................................................... 2
Key Definitions and Setting ........................................................................................... 2
First-generation college students ............................................................................... 2
Rural Appalachia: A distinct community? ................................................................. 4
Eastern Kentucky ....................................................................................................... 6
Educational attainment in eastern Kentucky .............................................................. 7
A profile of one eastern Kentucky county ................................................................. 8
Background and Statement of the Problem ................................................................. 10
Potential barriers to college ..................................................................................... 10
Obtaining college knowledge .................................................................................. 14
Summary .................................................................................................................. 17
Chapter 2: Theoretical Framework .................................................................................. 19
Social Cognitive Theory .............................................................................................. 19
Capital Theory ............................................................................................................. 23
Economic capital ...................................................................................................... 24
Cultural capital ......................................................................................................... 24
Social capital ............................................................................................................ 26
Characteristics of Rural Social Networks .................................................................... 33
Synthesis of Theoretical Framework ........................................................................... 34
Chapter 3: Study 1 ........................................................................................................... 37
Summary ...................................................................................................................... 38
Theoretical Framework ................................................................................................ 40
Sources of Social Capital ............................................................................................. 41
Measurement limitations .......................................................................................... 44
Social network analysis limitations ......................................................................... 46
Sampling limitations ................................................................................................ 46
Significance and Purpose of the Study ........................................................................ 47
Method ......................................................................................................................... 49
Participants ............................................................................................................... 49
Procedure ................................................................................................................. 50
Measures .................................................................................................................. 51
Analyses: Research Questions 1 and 2 .................................................................... 58
Analyses: Research Question 3 ................................................................................ 58
Treatment of missing data ........................................................................................ 60
Results .......................................................................................................................... 61
Structure of college information networks .............................................................. 61
Differences in available social capital ..................................................................... 68
Discussion .................................................................................................................... 77
The role of family .................................................................................................... 78
Increasing college knowledge .................................................................................. 80
iv
The challenges of a close-knit community .............................................................. 83
Earlier interventions for college readiness ............................................................... 86
Gender differences in available social capital ......................................................... 87
Chapter 4: Study 2 ........................................................................................................... 89
Summary ...................................................................................................................... 90
Theoretical Framework and Literature Review ........................................................... 91
Social cognitive theory ............................................................................................ 91
Capital theory ........................................................................................................... 94
The reciprocal relationship between social capital and students’
college-going beliefs ................................................................................................ 99
Significance and Purpose of the Study ...................................................................... 101
Method ....................................................................................................................... 103
Participants ............................................................................................................. 103
Procedure ............................................................................................................... 103
Measures ................................................................................................................ 104
Analyses ................................................................................................................. 114
Treatment of missing data ...................................................................................... 116
Results ........................................................................................................................ 117
Predictors of structural social capital ..................................................................... 117
Predictors of informational social capital .............................................................. 122
Predictors of educational beliefs ............................................................................ 124
Discussion .................................................................................................................. 126
Theoretical implications ......................................................................................... 127
Implications for practice ........................................................................................ 128
Limitations ............................................................................................................. 131
Chapter 5: Discussion .................................................................................................... 134
Appendix A .................................................................................................................... 138
Appendix B .................................................................................................................... 140
Appendix C .................................................................................................................... 142
Appendix D .................................................................................................................... 145
Appendix E .................................................................................................................... 147
References ...................................................................................................................... 148

v
List of Tables
Table 1, Description of College Information Network Variables .................................... 53
Table 2, Descriptive Statistics for College Information Networks by Grade Level ......... 62

Table 3, Descriptive Statistics for College Information Networks by Gender ................. 63

Table 4, Descriptive Statistics for College Information Networks by Potential

First-Generation Status ...................................................................................... 64
Table 5, Correlations of Demographic and Social Capital Variables ............................... 69

Table 6, Multiple Linear Regression Analyses Predicting Network Degree .................... 72

Table 7, Multiple Linear Regression Analyses Predicting Network Constraint ............... 73

Table 8, Multiple Linear Regression Analyses Predicting Network Hierarchy ............... 73

Table 9, Multiple Linear Regression Analyses Predicting Percent of Network with a

Bachelor’s Degree or Higher ............................................................................. 75
Table 10, Multiple Linear Regression Analyses Predicting Sum of Available

Information About College ............................................................................... 76
Table 11, Multiple Linear Regression Analyses Predicting Median Frequency of

Conversations About College ............................................................................ 77
Table 12, Factor Loadings of the Revised College-Going Self-Efficacy Scale ............. 110

Table 13, Correlations Among Social Status Items ........................................................ 113

Table 14, Descriptive Statistics for Control, Social Capital, and Educational Belief

Variables .......................................................................................................... 118
Table 15, Correlations Among Control, Social Capital, and Educational

Belief Variables .............................................................................................. 119
Table 16, Multiple Linear Regression Analyses Predicting Structural

Social Capital .................................................................................................. 121
Table 17, Multiple Linear Regression Analyses Predicting Informational

Social Capital .................................................................................................. 122
Table 18, Multiple Linear Regression Analyses Predicting Educational Beliefs ........... 125

v i
List of Figures
Figure 1, Model of the relationship between social capital and personal beliefs within
social cognitive theory .......................................................................................19
Figure 2, Example of a densely connected network versus a network with several
structural holes ....................................................................................................31
Figure 3, Visual example of an egocentric network ..........................................................51

Figure 4, Composition of students’ information networks ................................................67

Figure 5, Percentages of family members in students’ networks .....................................79

Figure 6, Example of a network with a high level of hierarchy ........................................84

Figure 7, Hypothesized reciprocal relationship between capital and educational beliefs
based on social cognitive theory .....................................................................100
Figure 8, Example of network hierarchy .........................................................................106
Figure 9, Revised model of the reciprocal relationship between capital and students’
educational beliefs ............................................................................................128

vi i