Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture PDF
Preview Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture
China Academic Library Yijie Tang Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture China Academic Library Academic Advisory Board: ResearcherGeng,Yunzhi,InstituteofModernHistory,ChineseAcademyofSocial Sciences, China Professor Han, Zhen, Beijing Foreign Studies University, China Researcher Hao, Shiyuan, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, China Professor Li, Xueqin, Department of History, Tsinghua University, China ProfessorLi,Yining,GuanghuaSchoolofManagement,PekingUniversity,China ResearcherLu,Xueyi,InstituteofSociology,ChineseAcademyofSocialSciences, China ProfessorWong,Young-tsu,DepartmentofHistory,VirginiaPolytechnicInstitute and State University, USA Professor Yu, Keping, Central Compilation and Translation Bureau, China Professor Yue, Daiyun, Department of Chinese Language and Literature, Peking University, China Zhu, Yinghuang, China Daily Press, China Series Coordinators: Zitong Wu, Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, China Yan Li, Springer More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11562 Yijie Tang Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity and Chinese Culture YijieTang(1927–2014) DepartmentofPhilosophy PekingUniversity Beijing,China ISSN2195-1853 ISSN2195-1861 (electronic) ChinaAcademicLibrary ISBN978-3-662-45532-6 ISBN978-3-662-45533-3 (eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-662-45533-3 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2015931092 SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon ©ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPublishingCo.,LtdandSpringer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg 2015 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublishers,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. 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Printedonacid-freepaper Springer-VerlagGmbHBerlinHeidelbergispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Contents 1 ConfucianismandConstructivePostmodernism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 WhatKindofAgeAreWeinNow?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 TheRiseofTwoTrendsofThoughtinChinainthe1990s. . . . 3 1.3 IntheNewHistoricalPeriodofChineseRevivalandinthe ContextofGlobalization,TraditionalChineseCultureMay WellMakeanEpochalContributiontoHumanSociety. . . . . . . 5 1.3.1 “ManandNatureasaCloselyRelatedLiving Community”and“UnityofManandHeaven”. . . . . . . 5 1.3.2 ConstructivePostmodernism,aSecondEnlightenment andConfucianRenxue(LearningofGoodness). . . . . . 7 1.3.3 Defining“Human”andExamining“HumanRights” fromtheStandpointofLi:ATraditionalChinese Concept. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2 TheContemporarySignificanceofConfucianism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.1 WhyAddressingtheTopic“TheContemporary SignificanceofConfucianism”?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.2 VariousPointsofViewAboutthe“Learningofthe ChineseClassics,”EspeciallyConfucianism,inAcademic andCulturalCircles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.3 WhataretheMainIssuesinContemporaryHumanSociety?. . . 16 2.4 TheRelationshipBetweenManandNature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.5 TheRelationshipBetweenManandMan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.6 TheRelationshipBetweenBodyandMind. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3 TowardaChineseHermeneutics. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 33 3.1 IsthereaSubjectCalled“Hermeneutics”inAncientChina?. . . 33 3.2 IsitPossibletoFindOutGeneralPatternsofInterpretation intheStudyofChineseClassics?. . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . 37 v vi Contents 3.2.1 ZuoChuan’sInterpretationofChunQiu. . . . . . . . . . . 39 3.2.2 JiCi’sInterpretationofIChing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 3.2.3 HanFeiTzu’sInterpretationofLaoTzu. . . . . . . . . . . 46 Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4 EmotioninPre-QinRuistMoralTheory: AnExplanationof“DaoBeginsinQing”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 4.1 On“DaoBeginsinQing”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 4.2 TheBasisforthePre-QinRuistEmphasisonQing. . . . . . . . . . 57 4.3 On“QingArisesfromXing”情生于性. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 4.4 DistinguishingQingandDesire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 5 SomeReflectionsonNewConfucianisminChineseMainland Cultureofthe1990s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 6 TheProblemofHarmoniousCommunitiesinAncientChina. . . . . 79 7 AnInquiryintothePossibilityofaThird-PhaseDevelopmentof Confucianism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 8 ImmanenceandTranscendenceinChineseChanBuddhism. . . . . 87 8.1 ChineseChanBuddhismNeitherValuedScriptures norEstablishedinWords,butClaimedEverything ShouldListentotheEssentialMind. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 8.2 ChineseChanBuddhismBrokeOutmodedConventions andAbolishedSittinginMeditation,butOnlyValuedSeeing theNatureandAccomplishingtheBuddhahood. . . . . . . . . . . . 90 8.3 ChineseChanBuddhismDidNotWorshipImages,Rather AbusedtheBuddhasandBeratedtheMasters,butClaimed “OneWhoIsEnlightenedinOneThoughtIsaBuddha”. . . . . . 93 9 TheIntroductionofIndianBuddhismintoChina:APerspective ontheMeaningofStudiesinComparativePhilosophy andComparativeReligion. . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . 101 9.1 TheIntroductionofIndianBuddhismintoChinaandthe PopularizationoftheSchoolofPrajnaTeachings[bo-rexue] intheWeiandJinPeriods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 9.1.1 TheBeginningsofBuddhisminChina. . . . . . . . . . . . 101 9.1.2 TheAnShigaoofHinayanaSchool. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 9.1.3 TheZhi-lou-jia-qianofMahayanaSchool. . . . . . . . . . 107 9.2 TheInteractionBetweentheImportedIdeological Culture—Buddhism—AndthePreviouslyExisting IdeologicalCultureofChina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 9.2.1 AdaptationtoTradition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 9.2.2 TheEnrichmentandIntensificationofTradition. . . . . 128 9.2.3 RelativeExcellenceandRealContribution. . . . . . . . . 130 Contents vii 9.3 TheComparativeStudyofPhilosophiesandRegions. . . . . . . . 133 9.3.1 TheSearchforCommonLaws. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 9.3.2 AttentiontotheSpecificCharacteristics ofaCulture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 9.4 TheIsolationofOldTopicsandNewIssues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 10 RelationshipsBetweenTraditionalandImportedThought andCultureinChina:TheImportationofBuddhism. . . . . . . . . . . 145 Vocabulary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 11 OntheDaoDeJing(TaoTeChing). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 12 TheOriginandCharacteristicsofDaoism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 12.1 GeneralBackground. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 12.2 TheDevelopmentofDaoism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 12.3 CharacteristicsofDaoism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Vocabulary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 13 TheDaoistReligionofChina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 14 TheAttemptofMatteoRiccitoLinkChinese andWesternCultures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 14.1 ModesofRelatingOrientalandOccidentalCultures. . . . . . . . . 181 14.1.1 LinkingCatholicismwithConfucianism(Heru). . . . . . 181 14.1.2 ComplementingConfucianism(Buru). . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 14.1.3 TranscendingConfucianism(Chaoru). . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 14.1.4 ConcordancewithConfucianism(Furu). . . . . . . . . . . 185 14.2 “BodyandUse”andtheCorrelationofChinese andWesternHarmony. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . 187 15 ThePossibleOrientationsofChineseCulture intheContextofGlobalization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 16 ProspectsfortheStudyoftheHistoryofChinesePhilosophy andtheIssueoftheTrue,theGood,andtheBeautifulinChina’s TraditionalPhilosophy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 16.1 ChinesePhilosophyasaThreefoldIntegration. . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 16.1.1 IntegrationofHeavenwithMan:TheTrue. . . . . . . . . 198 16.1.2 IntegrationofKnowledgewithPractice:TheGood. . . 200 16.1.3 IntegrationofFeelingwithScenery:TheBeautiful. . . 203 16.2 TheStudyofChinesePhilosophyandtheReasonforBeing Human. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 17 QuestionsConcerningtheCategoricalSystem ofTraditionalChinesePhilosophy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 17.1 TheSignificanceofStudyingtheCategoricalSystem ofTraditionalChinesePhilosophy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 17.2 HowtoStudytheConceptsandCategories ofTraditionalChinesePhilosophy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 17.2.1 AnalysisoftheMeaningofConcepts andCategories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 viii Contents 17.2.2 AnalysisoftheDevelopmentoftheMeanings ofConceptsandCategories. . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . 214 17.2.3 AnalysisoftheSystemsofConceptsandCategories ofPhilosophers(orPhilosophicalSchools). . . . . . . . . 216 17.2.4 AnalysisoftheSimilaritiesandDifferences BetweentheConceptsandCategoriesofChinese andForeignPhilosophies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 17.3 ATentativeTheoryoftheCategoricalSystem ofTraditionalChinesePhilosophy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 17.4 Discussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 18 NewProgressintheStudyoftheHistory ofChinesePhilosophy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 18.1 TheHistoryofChinesePhilosophyasthe HistoryofKnowledgeoftheChineseNation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 18.2 TheConceptandCategoryofTraditional ChinesePhilosophy. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 231 18.3 TheComparisonandAnalysisofTraditionalChinese andForeignPhilosophies. .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . 233 18.4 TheMethodEmployedbyTraditionalChinese PhilosophyinEstablishingaSystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 19 AReconsiderationoftheQuestionof“TheTrue,theGood, andtheBeautiful”inTraditionalChinesePhilosophy. . . . . . . . . . 239 19.1 Confucius’DemandsoftheRealmofLife. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 19.2 Laozi’sQuestintheRealmofLife. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 19.3 Zhuangzi’sQuestintheRealmofLife. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 19.4 BriefConclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 ChineseCharacter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 20 ChineseTraditionalCulturesandCorporateManagement. . . . . . . 261 21 AStudyoftheQuestionofChina’sCulturalDevelopment. . . . . . . 265 22 TheEnlightenmentandItsDifficultJourneyinChina. . . . . . . . . . 279 22.1 TheEighteenth-CenturyEuropean“EnlightenmentMovement” andChina’sSixteenth-CenturyLateMing“Enlightenment TrendofThought”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 22.2 TheMid-Nineteenth-CenturyChineseSocietyAmidthe “Enlightenment”oftheWestandItsStruggletoAdvance ThroughManifoldObstacles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 22.3 China’sOwnEnlightenmentandItsSloganof“Science andDemocracy”:HaveTheyCometoFruition?. . . . . . . . . . . . 281 22.4 WhitherEnlightenmentinChineseSociety?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Contents ix 23 TheCoexistenceofCulturalDiversity:Sources oftheValueofHarmonyinDiversity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 23.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 23.2 HarmonyinDiversity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 23.3 CommonalitiesAcrossCulturalTraditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 23.4 RegionalDiversityandtheBidirectional NatureofCulturalSelection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 23.5 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 24 OntheClashandCoexistenceofHumanCivilizations. . . . . . . . . . 291 24.1 “TheClashofCivilizations”andthe“NewEmpire”Theory. . . 291 24.2 “CoexistenceofCivilizations”andNewAxialAge. . . . . .. . . . 294 24.3 CanChineseCultureMakeContributionstotheCoexistence ofCivilizations?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 24.3.1 TheConfucianDoctrineofRen(仁,Benevolence, Virtue)IsaResourceofThinkingwithaPositive Meaningforthe“CoexistenceofCivilizations”. . . . . . 299 24.3.2 TheTaoistDoctrineoftheWay(tao)CanProvide SignificantResourcesofThinkingtoPrevent “TheClashofCivilizations”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 25 Constructing“ChinesePhilosophy”inSino-European CulturalExchange. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 25.1 WesternPhilosophyandChinesePhilosophy asanIndependentDiscipline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 25.2 ParadigmsandFrameworksofWesternPhilosophy andPotentialProblemsinChinesePhilosophy. . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 25.3 FutureDevelopmentsinChinesePhilosophy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 ChineseGlossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
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