Page i Confucianism and the Family Page ii SUNY Series in Chinese Philosophy and Culture David L. Hall and Roger T. Ames, Editors Page iii Confucianism and the Family EDITED BY Walter H. Slote and George A. De Vos State University of New York Press Page iv Published by State University of New York Press, Albany © 1998 State University of New York All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission. No part of this book may be stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means including electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission in writing of the publisher. For information, address State University of New York Press, State University Plaza, Albany, N.Y., 12246 Production by Diane Ganeles Marketing by Patrick Durocher Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data Confucianism and the family / edited by Walter H. Slote and George A. De Vos. p. cm. — (SUNY series in Chinese philosophy and culture) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0791437353 (alk. paper). — ISBN 0791437361 (pbk.: alk paper) 1. Confucianism—Asia. 2. Family—Asia. 3. Asia—Social life and customs. I. Slote, Walter H. II. De Vos, George A. III. Series. BL1844.A78C64 1998 299'.5121783585—dc21 9726846 CIP 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Page v This book is dedicated to Herbert Passin, Professor Emeritus at Columbia University, distinguished East Asian scholar, and a dear friend. Page vii CONTENTS Preface vii I Introduction 1. Confucius and Confucianism 3 WeiMing Tu 2. Psychocultural Dynamics within the Confucian Family 37 Walter H. Slote 3. Confucianism in Comparative Context 53 Francis L. K. Hsu II. Historical Dimensions 4. The Korean Adoption of NeoConfucianism: The Social Context 75 John Duncan 5. The Confucian Incursion into Vietnam 91 Nguyen Ngoc Huy 6. A Japanese Legacy of Confucian Thought 105 George A. De Vos III. Hierarchy and Gender 7. Probing the "Three Bonds" and "Five Relationships" in Confucian 121 Humanism WeiMing Tu Page viii 8. The Orthodox Chinese Confucian Social Paradigm versus Vietnamese 137 Individualism Stephen B. Young 9. Psychocultural Features of Ancestor Worship in Modern Korean Society 163 Dawnhee Yim 10. Male Dominance and Mother Power: The Two Sides of Confucian 187 Patriarchy in Korea Haejoang Cho 11. Confucian Gender Role and Personal Fulfillment for Japanese Women 209 Takie. Sugiyama Lebra IV. Contemporary Exigencies 12. Confuciansim and the Chinese Family in Singapore: Continuities and 231 Changes Eddie C. Kuo 13. Confucian Tradition in the Contemporary Korean Family 249 Kwang Kyu Lee V. Psychocultural Continuities 14. Filial Piety in Taiwanese Popular Thought 267 David K. Jordan 15. Mental Illness in Its Confucian Context 285 Bou Yong Rhi 16. Destiny and Determination: Psychocultural Reinforcement in Vietnam 311 Walter H. Slote 17. Confucian Family Socialization: The Religion, Morality, and Aesthetics of 329 Propriety George A. De Vos Contributors 381 Subject Index 387 Author Index and Mentioned Terms 391 Page ix PREFACE This study is based upon the premise that the family constitutes the central element of those societies that have been profoundly influenced by the Confucian, and later NeoConfucian, mandate. The power of the doctrine, the extent of its influence, and its incorporation into the lives of so many for so long a period of time, attests to its enduring fit between the culture and the psychological character of the people. But as time passes, so do forms of governance and conduct, and so it has been with Confucianism. Modern technology, the impact of Western influences, and massive shifts in the internal social and political balance have brought about rapid changes. It therefore is an appropriate moment to look into the nature of the family in the societies that constitute the "Confucian core"—namely maintained China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. Singapore, because of its large Chinese population and its current emphasis upon Confucian values, has also been included. The particular form in which Confucianism is expressed varies from society to society, and from one historical period to another. There are, however, essential characteristics that remain consistent among all. Both are addressed in this volume. While we place our emphasis on Confucianism, we are fully aware that there are other influences that have had a profound impact on the development of these societies. These include Buddhism, Taoism, Shinto, folk religions, and more recently, Western Christianity as well as Marxist, socialist, and democratic ideologies. The issues have been examined from diverse perspectives. The authors come from related but distinct disciplines—anthropology, sociology, religion, philosophy, history, psychiatry, psychology, and psychoanalysis. Far from producing a cacophony of tongues, the result seems a companionable and stimulating mix. Perhaps the most distinctive feature of our venture is the emphasis in a number of the chapters on the psychocultural aspects of the Confucian family. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that this area has been brought into focus. Consideration is given to such factors as motivation, psychodynamics, interpersonal relationships, intrapsychic processes, character structure, Page x the individual and society as an interrelated and mutually interacting synthesis, and above all, the unconscious as a primary determinant of behavior. The book is organized under five headings: Introduction, Historical Dimensions, Hierarchy and Gender, Contemporary Exigencies, and Psychocultural Continuities. In an introductory overview WeiMing Tu, Walter Slote, and Francis Hsu present an investigation of the family as the nucleus of society both from experiential and structural points of view. Tu explores the initial historicalsocial context of Confucius, with reference to what biographical knowledge we have. With exceptional cogency he guides us through the vicissitudes of Confucian thought in the subsequent cultural history of China. Slote investigates the interpersonal and intrapsychic dynamics within the Confucian family. Although the formal authority of the father as head of the family is readily observable, he places particular emphasis upon the subtle power of the mother. This subject is further pursued by Haejoang Cho, as are the increasing degrees of empowerment of women within the family in Asia, as elsewhere, and Slote analyzes intrafamilial tensions and the manner in which Confucian family interaction often calls for the suppression of affect, and its consequences. These tensions are explored in some depth in a later chapter by BouYong Rhi, who examines the neurotic forms of coping that periodically appear in response to the exigencies of a form of family life still subject to a rigid employment of differences in formal status. Finally, Slote introduces the theme of change as an evolving process in Asia. Several chapters of the final section of the volume are directly devoted to problems of continuity and transition as they have been occurring in Singapore and Taiwan as well as in Vietnam, Korea, and Japan. Hsu emphasizes cultural variations within social structure, particularly those that separate Asian traditions from those of the Christian world or Islam. He diagrams the manner in which present social organization interacts with past cultural heritage in one direction, and with individual behavior in the other. For Hsu one must continually consider those abiding concerns that keep societies "glued" together. In Confucian Asia, filial piety is a focal point of reference. Yet, despite espousing similar virtues, Japanese and Chinese culture have continued to be organized differently. The Japanese employ nonkinship criteria in cementing social belonging. This leads to significant variances in social organization, which in turn influence the behavior of individual Japanese or Chinese in a dissimilar way, especially in the economic and occupational patterning of their related cultures. The major historical section of the book provides a condensed review of the Confucian tradition as it has developed in the various societies under consideration. In tracing Confucianist thought in Korea and its development in relation to the family, John Duncan focuses on the political changes that
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