Conflicts and Wars: Their Fallout and Prevention

213 Pages·2012·1.262 MB·English

by  Hossein Askari (auth.)

Conflicts and Wars
Previous Publications
Economic Sanctions: Examining Their Philosophy and Efficacy, with J. Forrer, H.
Teegen, and J. Yang. New York: 2003.
Case Studies of Economic Sanctions: The Chinese, Cuban, and Iranian Experiences ,
with J. Forrer, H. Teegen, and J. Yang. New York: 2003.
The Middle East Oil Exporters: What Happened to Economic Development? Foreword
by Robert M. Solow. Cheltenham, UK: 2006, and Northampton, US: 2007.
Globalization and Islamic Finance: Convergence, Prospects, and Challenges, with Z.
Iqbal and A. Mirakhor. Singapore: 2009.
The Stability of Islamic Finance: Creating a Resilient Financial Environment for a
Secure Future, Foreword by Sir Andrew Crockett, with Z. Iqbal, N. Krichene, and
A. Mirakhor. Singapore: 2010.
Islam and the Path to Human and Economic Development , Foreword by Ali Allawi,
with Abbas Mirakhor. New York: 2010.
Risk Sharing in Finance: The Islamic Finance Alternative, with Zamir Iqbal,
Noureddine Krichene, and Abbas Mirakhor. Singapore: 2011.
Conflicts and Wars
Their Fallout and Prevention
HOSSEIN ASKARI
CONFLICTS AND WARS
Copyright © Hossein Askari, 2012.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2012 978-1-137-02094-9
All rights reserved.
First published in 2012 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN®
in the United States— a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC,
175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010.
Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world,
this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited,
registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills,
Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS.
Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies
and has companies and representatives throughout the world.
Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States,
the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries.
ISBN 978-1-349-43761-0 ISBN 978-1-137-02095-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9781137020956
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Askari, Hossein.
Conflicts and wars : their fallout and prevention / Hossein Askari.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
1. War—Economic aspects. 2. War, Cost of. 3. War—Environmental
aspects. 4. War—Prevention. 5. War—Termination. 6. Iran-Iraq War,
1980–1988. 7. Persian Gulf War, 1991. 8. Iraq War, 2003– I. Title.
JZ6401.A75 2012
303.6(cid:2)6—dc23 2011052914
A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library.
Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India.
First edition: July 2012
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To the men, women, and children whose lives have been
ended or compromised by conflict and war

Contents
List of Tables ix
List of Figures xi
Foreword xiii
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xvii
1 Introduction and Overview 1
2 A Glance at Recent Conflicts and Wars 2 3
3 Estimating the Price of Conflicts and Wars 4 9
4 The Seeds of Conflict and War: The Persian Gulf 8 5
5 The Global Cost of Three Wars in the Persian Gulf 1 19
6 How Conflicts and Wars Can Be Ended 1 47
Notes 173
Bibliography 181
Index 191

Tables
2.1 Trend in World Military Expenditures 32
2.2 Military Costs of Major US Wars, 1775–2010 34
2.3 Active Wars with Casualties 36
2.4 Estimate of the Increase in GDP by Eliminating
War-Related Costs 39
3.1 Direct Cost of the American Civil War 53
3.2 Estimate of Nicaragua’s GDP Losses, 1980–1987 55
3.3 Direct and Indirect Costs of the Sri Lanka Civil War 56
3.4 Cost of the Nepal Civil War 58
3.5 Cost of World War I 62
3.6 Budgetary Cost of the Vietnam War 65
3.7 Future and Economic Costs of the Vietnam War 66
3.8 Global Cost of War—Cost to Direct Belligerents 73
3.9 Global Cost of War—Cost to Neighboring Countries 79
3.10 Global Cost of War—Cost to the Rest of the World 80
5.1 Cost of the Iran-Iraq War to the Direct Belligerents 121
5.2 Cost of the Iran-Iraq War to Other Persian Gulf
Countries and to the Rest of the World 125
5.3 Cost of the Persian Gulf War (1991) to the Direct
Belligerents 131
5.4 Cost of the Persian Gulf War to Other Persian Gulf
Countries and to the Rest of the World 132