Conflict in Afghanistan: A Historical Encyclopedia (Roots of Modern Conflict)

416 Pages·2003·5.71 MB·English

by  Frank A. Clements

Conflict in
Afghanistan
Roots ofModern Conflict
Conflict in Afghanistan
Frank A.Clements
Conflict in the Former Yugoslavia
John B.Allcock,Marko Milivojevic,and John J.Horton,editors
Conflict in Korea
James E.Hoares and Susan Pares
Conflict in Northern Ireland
Sydney Elliott and W.D.Flackes
Conflict in
Afghanistan
A Historical Encyclopedia
Frank A. Clements
Santa Barbara,California Denver,Colorado Oxford,England
COPYRIGHT© 2003 BYFRANKA.CLEMENTS
All rights reserved.No part ofthis publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted,in any
form or by any means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,or otherwise,except for the inclusion ofbrief
quotations in a review,without prior permission in writing from the publishers.
Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Clements,Frank,1942–
Conflict in Afghanistan :a historical encyclopedia / Frank A.Clements.
p. cm.— (Roots ofmodern conflict)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-85109-402-4 (hardcover :alk.paper)
1. Afghanistan—History—Encyclopedias. I. Title. II. Series.
DS351.C54 2003
958.1'003—dc22
2003021334
07 06 05 04 03 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Contents
About This Encyclopedia,ix
Acknowledgments,xi
Introduction,xiii
Maps,xxxiii
Conflict in Afghanistan
A Historical Encyclopedia
Abdullah Abdullah (1958– ),1 Afridi Tribe,26 Australian Special Forces,34
Abdur Rahim,Naib Sular Ahmad,Ali (1883–1929),26 Awakened Youth (Wish
(1896?–1941?),2 Ahmad,Shah (1943– ),26 Zalmayan),35
Administrative Divisions,3 Ahmadzai Tribe,28 Ayub,Khan Muhammad
Afghan Arabs,4 Akbar,Sardar Muhammad (1857–1914),35
Afghan Army,4 (1816–1845),28
Afghan-German Relations,6 Amanullah,King (1892–1960), Badakhshan Province,37
Afghan-Iranian Relations,8 28 Badakhshi,Tahir (?–1979),37
Afghan National Liberation Ambala Conference (1869),29 Badghis Province,37
Front,11 Amin,Hafizullah (1929–1979), Baghlan Province,38
Afghan-Pakistani Relations,11 29 Bagram,38
Afghan Security Service,15 Amir,Muhammad (?–1936),30 Balkh Province,38
Afghan Social Democratic Party, Amu Daria,31 Baluchs,39
16 Anglo-Afghan Treaty of1905,31 Bamian Province,39
Afghan-Soviet Relations,16 Anglo-Afghan Treaty of1919,31 Baraki Tribe,40
Afghani,Sayyid Jamaluddin Anglo-Afghan Treaty of1921,31 Barakzais,40
(1838–1897),19 Anglo-Russian Convention Barechi Tribe,40
Afghanis,20 (1907),32 Bareq-Shafi’i,Muhammad Hasan
Afghanistan Interim Cabinet, Arian,Abdul Rashid (1941– ),32 (1932– ),40
20 Arsari Tribe,33 Baryalai,Mahmud (1944– ),41
Afghanistan Interim Asghar,Muhammad (1914– ), Beheshti,Sayyid Ali,41
Government,21 33 Bonn Conference (2 December
Afghanistan Peace Association Ata,Muhammad (dates ofbirth 2002),41
(APA),22 and death unknown),33 Brahuis,42
Afghanistan Transitional Auckland,Lord George Eden Burnes,Alexander (1805–1841),
Government,24 (1784–1849),33 42
v
vi CONTENTS
Capitulation,Treaty of(1841),45 Farsiwan,86 Hazarajat,102
Cavagnari,Sir Pierre Louis Fateh Khan (1777–1818),86 Hazaras,103
(1841–1879),45 First Anglo-Afghan War Hekmatyar,Gulbuddin (1947– ),
Central Intelligence Agency and (1839–1842),86 106
Its Support for the Firuzkuhi Tribe,87 Helmand Province,107
Mujahideen,45 Hentig-Niedermayer Expedition
Chahar Aimaqs,47 Gailani,Sayyed Ahmad (1932– ), (1915–1916),108
Charkhi,Ghulam Nabi (?–1932), 89 Herat Province,108
47 Gailani,Sayyid Hasan Hijrat Movement,109
Civil War,47 (1862–1941),89 Hindu Kush,109
Climate,55 Gandomak,Treaty of(1879),89 Hoshimian,Sayyid Kalilullah
Coalition Air Campaign against Geneva Accords,90 (1929– ),110
the Taliban,55 Geography and Environment,90 Human Rights Violations,111
Coalition Land Campaign Ghani,Abdul (1864–1945),92 Humanitarian Airdrops,113
against the Taliban,58 Ghaus,Abdul Samad (1928– ),93 Humanitarian Relief,115
Ghazi,93
Dari Language,67 Ghazi,Shah Mahmud International Security Assistance
Darulaman,67 (1896–1959),93 Force (ISAF),119
Daud,Sardar Muhammad Ghazni Province,94 Inter-Services Intelligence Service
(1909–1978),67 Ghilzai Tribe,94 (ISI),121
Da’ud Shah (1832–?),69 Ghobar,Mir Ghulam Ishaq,Muhammad (1851–1888),
Destruction ofPre-Islamic Muhammad (1897–1978),94 123
Heritage,69 Ghor Province,95 Islamabad Accord (1993),124
Din Muhammad,Mashk-il-Alam Ghulam,Jilani Charkhi Islamic Alliance for the
(1790–1886),71 (1886–1933),95 Liberation ofAfghanistan,
Disarmament Program,71 Goldsmid Award,95 124
Dobbs,Sir Henry,73 Granville-GorchakoffAgreement Islamic Front (Jumbesh-i-Milli
Dost,Shah Muhammad (1873),95 Islami),125
(1928– ),73 Gromov,Gen.Boris V.(1943– ), Islamic Party—Hekmatyar
Dost Muhammad,Amir 96 (Hizb-i-Islami—Hekmatyar),
(1792–1863),73 Guardians ofthe Islamic 126
Dostum,Gen.Abdul Rashid Revolution (Pasdaran-i-Jihad- Islamic Party—Khales (Hizb-i-
(1954– ),74 i-Islami),96 Islami—Khales),126
Drug Trade,76 Gulbazoi,Lt.Gen.Sayyid Islamic Revolutionary Movement
Durand Agreement (1893),79 Muhammad (1945– ),98 (Harakat-i-Inqliab-i-Islami),
Durrani,Ahmad Shah Abdali Gulnabad,Battle of(1772),98 127
(1722–1772),79 Islamic Society ofAfghanistan
Durrani Dynasty,81 Habibullah,Amir (1871–1919), (Jam’iat-i Islami-yi
Durrani Tribe,81 99 Afghanistan),127
Habibullah Kalakani Islamic Union for the Liberation
Elphinstone,Maj.Gen.William (c.1890–1929),99 ofAfghanistan (Ittihad-i-
(1782–1842),83 Hamad,Abdul Sanad (1929– ), Islami Barayi Azadi-y-
Elphinstone,Mountstuart 100 Afghanistan),128
(1779–1859),83 Haq,Abdul (1958–2001),100 Islamic Unity Party (Hizb-i
Enayatullah,Sardar (1888–1946), Haqani,Maulawi Jajaluddin Wahdat),128
83 (1930– ),101 Islamist Movement (Jami’at-i
Hashim Khan,Muhammad Islami),128
Farah Province,85 (1886–1953),101 Isma’il Khan (1946– ),130
Farhad,Ghulam Muhammad Hasht-Nafari,102 Isma’ilis,132
(?–1984),85 Hatef,Abdur Rahim (1926– ),
Fariab Province,85 102 Jadran Tribe,133
CONTENTS vii
Jagran,Sayyid Muhammad Macnaghten,Sir William National Revolutionary Party
Hasan (1949– ),133 (1793–1839),161 (Hizb-i Inqilab-i Milli),180
Jaji Tribe,133 Mahmud Pacha,Sayyid,161 Nazar,Lt.Gen.Muhammad
Jam’iat-i-’Ulama,133 Mahmud Shah (?–1829),161 (1935– ),181
Jamilurrahman,Maulawi Husain Maimana,162 Niazi,Ghulam Muhammad
(1933–1992?),134 Maiwand,Battle of(1880),163 (?–1978),181
Jamshidi Tribe,134 Maiwandal,Muhammad Nimruz Province,181
Jirga,134 Hashem (1919–1973),163 Nizamnama,181
Jozjan Province,135 Majid,Abdul (c.1875–?),163 Northern Alliance,181
Majruh,Sayyid Baha’uddin Nur,Nur Ahmad (1937– ),185
Kabul City,137 (1928–1988),164 Nuristan Province,185
Kafir War (1895),139 Mangal Tribe,164 Nuristani,Abdul Wakil (?–1929),
Kafiri Tribe,139 Maqsudi,Abdul Husain 185
Kalakani,Abdul Majid (1933– ),164 Nurzai,Abdul Qayyum (1942– ),
(1939–1980),140 Masood,Ahmad Shah 185
KAM,140 (1953–2001),165 Nurzai Tribe,186
Kandahar Province,140 Mazari,Ali (1935– ),167
Karmal,Babrak (1929–1996), Mazar-i Sharif,167 Ofuq,Muhammad Zahir,187
141 Meshrano Jirga,171 Omar,Mullah Muhammad
Karzai,Hamid (1959– ),142 Misaq,Abdul Karim (1937– ),171 (1959– ),187
Katawazi,Khilgal Muhammad Mohmand Tribe,172 Operation Enduring Freedom,
(1948– ),145 Muhammad,Ishaq (1952– ), 189
Keshtmand,Sultan Ali (1935– ), 172 Oruzgan Province,193
145 Muhammadi,Maulawi
KHAD,146 Muhammad Nabi (1921– ), Paghman,195
Khaibar,Mir Akbar (1925–1978), 172 Paghmani,Taj Muhammad
146 Muhsini,Ayatollah Muhammed (?–1929),195
Khales,Yunis (1919– ),146 Asef(1935– ),173 Paktia Province,195
Khalilullah,Lieutenant General Mujaddidi,173 Paktika Province,197
(1944– ),147 Mujaddidi,Sabghatullah Panipat,Battle of(1761),197
Khalq,147 (1925– ),173 Panjdeh Incident,198
Khan,Khan Abdul Ghaffar Mujahideen,174 Panjshir,198
(1890–1988?),147 Muslim Brotherhood,175 Panjshiri,Dastagi (1933– ),198
Khost,147 Mussoorie Conference,175 Parcham,199
Khost Rebellion,148 Parwan Province,199
Khugiani Tribe,149 Nadir,Shah Muhammad Pashtu Language,199
Khurram,Ali Ahmad (1888–1933),177 Pashtunistan Dispute,199
(1931–1977),149 Najibullah,Muhammad Pashtuns,200
Khyber Pass,149 (1947–1996),178 Pashtunwali,201
Kunar Province,150 Nangarhar Province,178 Pazhwak,Faze Rabbi (1929– ),
Kunduz Province,151 Naranjan Das (1853–?),179 201
Kushani,Mahbubullah (1944– ), Nasir Tribe,179 Pazhwak,Ne’mutallah (1928– ),
151 Nasrullah Khan (?–1919),179 201
National Fatherland Front (Jabha- People’s Democratic Party of
Laden,Osama bin (1955– ),153 yi-Milli-yi Padar Watan),179 Afghanistan (PDPA),201
Laghman Province,156 National Islamic Front of Peshawar,Treaty of(1856),203
Lala Pir,156 Afghanistan (Mahaz-i Milli-yi Peshawar Accord,203
Languages,156 Afghanistan),180 Pollock,Field Marshal Sir George
Layeq,Sulaiman (1930– ),156 National Liberation Front of (1786–1872),204
Logar Province,157 Afghanistan (Jabha-yi-Najat- Pottinger,Maj.Eldred
Loya Jirga,157 yi Milli-yi Afghanistan),180 (1811–1843),204
viii CONTENTS
Powindahs,204 Second Anglo-Afghan War Victory Organization (Sazman-i
Poya,Nadir Ali (c.1940s–1982), (1878–1879),228 Nasr),263
205 Secret ofthe Nation (Sirr-i- Vitkevich,Capt.Ivan (?–1838),263
Pul-i Charkhi Prison,205 Milli),229
Puzamov,Alexandr,205 11 September 2001,230 Wahdat,265
Sewwum-i-Aqrab,232 Wakhan District,265
Qadir,Maj.Gen.Abdul (1944– ), Shafiq,Muhammad Musa Wali,Abdul (1924– ),265
207 (1930–1978),232 Wali,Muhammad (?–1933),266
al-Qaeda (the Base),207 Shi’a Mujahideen Groups,233 Wardak,Abdul Ahad (c.
Quddus,Abdul (1842–1921?),210 Shinwari Tribe,233 1880–1949),266
Shir Ali,Amir (?–1879),234 Wardak Province,266
Rabbani,Burhanuddin (1940– ), Shuja,Shah (c.1792–1842),234 Warlords,266
211 Simla Manifesto (1838),235 Watanjar,Muhammad Aslam
Rahman,Amir Abdur (?–1901), Soviet War in Afghanistan,235 (1946– ),271
212 Waziri Tribe,271
Rasuli,Maj.Gen.Ghulam Haidar Taimaris,239 Wolusmal,Muhammad Hasan
(1919–1978),212 Tajiks,239 (1940– ),271
Ratebzad,Anahita (1931– ),213 Taliban,240 Women in Afghanistan,272
Reconstruction Program,213 Tanai,Lt.Gen.Shanawaz,244
Red Shirts,216 Taraki,Nur Muhammad Yalantush Khan (?–1886),277
Refugee Problem,216 (1917–1979),245 Yaqub Khan,Amir Muhammad
Registan Desert,220 Tashkent Declaration,245 (c.1849–1923),277
Revolutionary Association of Tawana,Sayyid Musa,246 Yaqubi,Gen.Ghulam Faruq
Women ofAfghanistan Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919), (1938–1992),277
(RAWA),220 247 Yar Muhammad,Wazir (?–1851),
Roberts,Gen.Sir Frederick Timur Shah (1742–1793),248 278
(1832–1914),222 Turi Tribe,248 YussufKhan,Muhammad
Roshan,222 Turkomans,248 (1855–?),278
Twelver (Ithna ‘Ashariya),248
Saadabad Pact,225 Zabibullah,Abdul Qadir
Safronchuk,Vasily S.,225 Ulama,251 (1951–1984),279
Salang Tunnel,225 Ulfat,Azizurrahman Zabul Province,279
Sale,Gen.Sir Robert Henry (1936–1983),251 Zahir Shah,Mohammed
(1782–1845),225 UK Special Forces,251 (1914– ),279
Samangan Province,226 UN Sanctions,253 Zalmai Khan (?–1960),281
Sarabi,Abdul Wahid (1926– ), UN Security Council Zaman,Shah (1772–1844),281
226 Resolutions,253 Zhawar,Battle of(1986),281
Sarais,227 U.S.-Afghanistan Relations,256 Zirai,Saleh Muhammad
Sarwari,Asadullah (1930– ),227 U.S.Special Forces,258 (1936– ),282
Saur Revolt,227 Uzbekistan,260
Sayyaf,Abdul Rasul (1946– ),228 Uzbeks,261
Chronology,283
Abbreviations and Acronyms,339
Glossary,341
Bibliography,343
Index,361
About the Author,377
About This
This encyclopedia offers the reader a guide to the Encyclopedia
conflict in contemporary Afghanistan by providing
a series of entries covering key figures,events,and
organizations relevant to the subject. However, to
understand the current situation, it is essential to
have a grasp ofthe history ofthe country.An appro-
priate starting point is the creation of the modern for example, the Afghan foreign minister, Dr.
state ofAfghanistan in 1747 and the rule ofAhmad Abdullah Abdullah,is known only as Abdullah.In
Shah Durrani. other cases,the given name is attached to an hon-
The reader will note that some entries for indi- orific title, such as Isma’il Khan, Governor of
viduals do not have dates of birth or, where rele- Herat. This, too, can be confusing, and again, I
vant,dates ofdeath.In many instances,records sim- have adopted the most frequently used version of
ply do not exist, and Afghans often do not know a name and, where necessary, indicated a com-
their dates ofbirth.In other cases,people have dis- mon variant.
appeared from Afghanistan leaving no information The introduction to the volume presents a brief
as to whether they are dead or alive. history ofAfghanistan in an attempt to lay out the
Names are also confusing because there are so foundations that underpin the current conflict.
many variants, and I have endeavored to stan- However, as of August 2003, the situation in
dardize the names in this volume based on what Afghanistan is extremely volatile,and the reader can
seems to be the accepted Western versions and do no better than consult the various Web sites list-
spellings.Afghans also tend to use only their given ed in the bibliography to obtain details ofthe evolv-
names,which can lead to confusion for outsiders; ing history ofthe conflict.
ix