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Conflict and Post-Conflict Governance in the Middle East and Africa Edited by Moosa A. Elayah · Laurent A. Lambert Conflict and Post-Conflict Governance in the Middle East and Africa “The book deals with a particularly important issue (public policies during and after conflicts) after the failures of the Arab Spring revolutions in the MENA region, which had started in late 2010, and the tragic civil wars that have plagued that region as well as Africa over the past dozen years. The mix of both empirical and theoretical constitutes a positive element and the book is a useful resource for policy (vs. politics or conflict studies) graduate students, researchers and professionals based in or working on the Middle East and Africa.” —Dr. Omar Ashour is a Professor of Security and Military Studies at the Doha Institute for Graduate Studies. He is the Founding Chair of the Critical Security Studies Graduate Program (MCSS) and the director of the Strategic Studies Unit in the Arab Centre for Research and Policy Studies · Moosa A. Elayah Laurent A. Lambert Editors Conflict and Post-Conflict Governance in the Middle East and Africa Editors Moosa A. Elayah Laurent A. Lambert Doha, Qatar Doha, Qatar ISBN 978-3-031-23382-1 ISBN 978-3-031-23383-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23383-8 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Contents 1 Introduction 1 Moosa A. Elayah and Laurent A. Lambert Part I Policy Challenges Amidst Arab Spring Revolutions and Civil Wars 2 The Role of Sazman-e-Honari Rosanai Oax (Owj) During the “Maximum Pressure” Campaign Against Iran 19 Moises Garduño García 3 Seeing Like a State: The Crisis of Building the State of South Sudan 41 Moosa A. Elayah and Matilda Fenttiman 4 Policing Coexistence Through Economic Incentives: An Analysis of Nir Barkat’s Policies on Education in East Jerusalem During His Tenure as Mayor (2009–2018) 67 Ignacio Rullansky 5 An Exploration of the Dimensions of Exclusion Associated with Intimate Violence Among Syrian Refugees in Lebanon 95 Maryam Alkubati and Ako Muto v vi CONTENTS Part II Looking Forward: The Challenge of Building Sustainable Peace 6 Post-conflict Heritage Reconstruction: Who Owns the Past? 125 Nour A. Munawar 7 The Psychopolitics of Motherhood in Post-conflict Public Policies: The Cases of the PKK and ISIS 163 Hamoon Khelghat-Doost and Deniz Ülke Arıbog˘an 8 The Call for Reconciliation in the Middle of Conflicts: An Alternative Dispute Resolution for Global and Domestic Conflicts from Theory into Practice 189 Iyad Muhsen Aldajani and Martin Leiner 9 European Union Activities in Libyan Post-revolution Environment: The Triad—Migration, Security, and EU Special Agencies 215 Magdalena El Ghamari 10 Conclusions 241 Moosa A. Elayah and Laurent A. Lambert Bibliography 251 Index 285 Notes on Contributors Dr. Iyad Muhsen Aldajani holds a Ph.D. from the University of Jena in Internet communication technologies for reconciliation. He is a specialist on Applied Phronesis in internet research methodologies and his research areas are in Applied Computer Science and Digital Humanities for reconciliation and peace education. He is an ICT application reconciliation studies educational scholar who earned a Bachelor’s in Computer Sciences and was awarded a Certificate of Completion for the Executive Education Program in Cybersecurity: The Intersection of Policy and Technology Program, at John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard Univer- sity, and Awarded a certificate of completion for the Leading in Artificial Intelligence: Exploring Technology and Policy Program from Harvard Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, Executive Educa- tion, and awarded a certificate from Oxford Artificial Intelligence program from Saïd Business School, the University of Oxford and a Reference Class Forecasting practitioner for the Oxford Global Projects Academy School, University of Oxford, a Master’s in Regional and American Studies from the Al-Quds University. He then became a webmaster and obtained a Master’s in a web-development certificate from HackerU in Tel-Aviv. Dr. Maryam Alkubati holds a Ph.D. in Social Sciences from the Univer- sity of Tsukuba, Japan. Alkubati works as a gender and policy researcher for the Sana’a Center for Strategic Studies and Enjoi Japan—a diversity vii viii NOTESONCONTRIBUTORS and inclusion company. She was a MEXT scholar (Japanese government scholarship recipient) for six years. She worked with JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) Ogata Research Institute for Peace and Development on Conflict and Gender-Based Violence from 2019 to 2021. Her research interests lie primarily in areas of gender and development, gender policy, and human security, specifically women’s participation in peacebuilding and politics within the Arab region. Prof. Deniz Ülke Arıbog˘an the academician known for her work in the field of Political Science and International Relations is appointed as Üsküdar University Advisor to President. Prof. Arıbog˘an graduated from Ankara University Faculty of Political Sciences, Department of Inter- national Relations. She completed her Master’s and Doctorate degrees in Istanbul University and graduated from Scotland’s University of St. Andrews, Terrorism and International Security Studies in 1995. Prof. Arıbog˘an intensified her efforts to study security issues from a political psychological perspective and to resolve conflicts with peaceful methods. She became a member of the International Dialogue Initiative (IDI) board, which is an international and interdisciplinary working group. Dr. Magdalena El Ghamari completed her Ph.D. at the National Defence Academy in Warsaw, Department of Joint Action. Her doctoral research focused on culture security, NATO operations specializing in strategy and operations, radicalization, FTFs/Travel Terrorist, migration, and the case of the MENA region (Libya) and Balkans issues (with a focus on Kosovo). Assistance Professor at the Collegium Civitas University— Head of Cultural Security Department. Currently conducting research related to FTFs. Dr. Moosa A. Elayahis Assistant Professor in Public Administration, specialized in Conflict Studies, Peacebuilding, and International Develop- ment at the Doha Institute for Graduate Studies (Qatar) and at Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands. He has extensive research experience in international development administration, peacebuilding, crisis and conflict management, public policy, nonstate actors for service delivery and peacebuilding during the war, and regional development programs and social protection in post-conflict economies. He has extensive teaching and research experience in conflict-affected and post-conflict economies of the Middle East, most particularly Yemen. Dr. Elayah holds a B.A. degree in public administration from the University of Sanaa and NOTESONCONTRIBUTORS ix M.A. and Ph.D. degrees in public administration from the University of Leiden, the Netherlands. He is a prolific author in English and Arabic. He published, in 2022, a book with Palgrave Macmillan, Europe and the MENA Region: Media Reporting, Humanitarianism, Conflict Resolution, and Peacebuilding. He is the main editor of this book. Matilda Fenttiman is a Young Researcher at the Good governance center for consulting and studies. Dr. Moises Garduño García is Full-Time Professor in the Center for International Relations at the Faculty of Political and Social Sciences of National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). He holds degrees in International Relations, Asia and Africa Studies, and Anthropology. He received his Ph.D. in Arab and Islamic Contemporary Studies by the Autonomous University of Madrid. Some of his books include: Thinking Palestine from the Global South (2017); MKO: History, Rise and Fall of an Islamo-Marxist Opposition (2020); Iran after 40 Years of Revo- lution. State, Society and Foreign Relations (2020); and Social Justice, Sectarianization, and the role of MENA in World Order after 10 Years of Arab Revolutions (2022). Professor Garduño is a reference to Middle Eastern Studies produced from Latin America. He has been awarded by distinguished institutions such as Academia Mexicana de las Ciencias, The Coimbra Group, the International Convention of Asian Scholars, and others. His current research project supported by UNAM is entitled “Authoritarianism and Militarism in the Middle East after pandemics: new perspectives”. Dr. Hamoon Khelghat-Doost holds a Ph.D. in Political Science from the National University of Singapore (NUS). His main fields of interest include gender, forced migration, political violence, international security, terrorism, and sustainable development with a special focus on the Middle East, North Africa, and Southeast Asia. Dr. Laurent A. Lambert is an Assistant Professor of Public Policy, Doha Institute for Graduate Studies (Qatar). He teaches energy policy, climate change politics, and energy diplomacy at the Doha Institute for Grad- uate Studies as well as the global energy transition and energy diplomacy at Sciences Po Paris. A former analyst/writer at the French Ministry of Defense, Dr. Lambert is also an expert on technology transfer and a former representative of the Research & Non-Governmental Organiza- tions (RINGOs) at the United Nations (2013–2016). A geographer by x NOTESONCONTRIBUTORS training, Dr. Lambert has been teaching postgraduates in the Middle East and North Africa since 2014. He is well-published in English and French, especially on strategic issues of water and energy policies, disaster risk management, and energy geopolitics in Africa, the Middle East, and East Asia. Dr. Lambert speaks Arabic, English, and French. He holds a master’s degree in Geography from the University of Paris 1 Sorbonne and a D.Phil. from the Oxford University School of Geography and the Environment. His research and policy interests lie at the intersection of public policy and environmental risks, including climate change, humani- tarian innovation, the science-policy interface, and national security. He is the co-editor of this book. Prof. Dr. Martin Leiner holds a Chair in Systematic Theology/Ethics at the Faculty of Theology at Friedrich-Schiller-Universität (FSU) Jena, Germany, since 2002. He is also the Founder and Director of the Jena Center for Reconciliation Studies (JCRS). Leiner studied philosophy and Protestant Theology at the University of Tübingen. In 1994, the Faculty of Theology at the University of Heidelberg awarded him the degree of Dr. Theol., for a dissertation in the New Testament. From 1998 to 2002, Dr. Leiner was Assistant Professor and Professor for Systematic Theology and Hermeneutics at the University of Neuchâtel, in the Francophone part of Switzerland. From 2000 to 2002 he was the President of the Institute Romand de Systématique et d´Éthique (IRSE) in Geneva and has been a permanent member of the Board of the Ethikzentrum at the FSU since 2003. Dr. Nour A. Munawar is Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Doha Institute for Graduate Studies. He holds a Ph.D. degree in archaeology and heritage studies from the University of Amsterdam UvA (Nether- lands). Before joining the Doha Institute, he held a position at Brown University, USA, as a Postdoctoral Research Associate, and he also worked at UCL-Qatar in Education City, Doha, as Associate Research Fellow. Munawar participated in several archaeological excavations in Syria, Poland, and Italy. Munawar is a UNESCO expert on Safeguarding Syrian Cultural Heritage and a member of several international orga- nizations, such as the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), the European Association of Archaeologists (EAA), and the Association of Critical Heritage Studies (ACSH). He has published several articles and book chapters in peer-reviewed journals and edited volumes in critical heritage studies and archaeology. His research interests are