Conflict and Intervention in Africa: Nigeria, Angola, Zaïre PDF
Preview Conflict and Intervention in Africa: Nigeria, Angola, Zaïre
CONFLICT AND INTERVENTION IN AFRICA Conflict and Intervention in Africa Nigeria, Angola, Zaire Herbert Ekwe-Ekwe Visiting Lecturer in Politics, Goldsmiths' College and Birkbeck College, University ofL ondon Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 978-1-349-21073-2 ISBN 978-1-349-21071-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-21071-8 © Herbert Ekwe-Ekwe 1990 Softcover reprint of the hardcover lst edition 1990 978-0-333-52404-6 All rights reserved. For information, write: Scholarly and Reference Division, St. Martin's Press, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 First published in the United States of America in 1990 ISBN 978-0-312-04617-0 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ekwe-Ekwe, Herbert, 1953- Conflict and intervention in Africa: Nigeria, Angola, Zairel Herbert Ekwe-Ekwe. p. em. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-0-312-04617-0 1. Nigeria-Foreign relations. 2. Angola-Foreign relations. 3. Zaire-Foreign relations. I. Title. DT515.62.E38 1990 967~c20 ~30356 CIP To my parents, Gladys Nwaoyiri Ekwe-Ekwe and Humphrey Akpa Ekwe-Ekwe Truth, one would have thought, is not a simple, once-given, God-ordained, immutable entity but more like a combination of sense perception with our scientific concepts, others' testimony and traditional knowledge and custom. As an account of reality which exists independently of our con sciousness of it, the truth does not depend on the status or authority of the person rendering it or on the elegance or beauty of our description, but on the extent to which our account conforms with reality, that is, what is the case, and coheres with all existing knowledge. We attain the truth- if and when we ever do - not by confining ourselves to the narrow circle of received or immediate experience only, but through a comprehensive view of interpretation and correla tion. Mokwugo Okoye, 'A Little Heresy', 1975 Contents Acknowledgements ix 1 Conflict and Intervention in Africa: 1 An Overview I Introduction 1 II General Features of Conflict and Interven- 3 tion in Africa and the Rest of the Southern World 2 Nigeria 11 I Introduction 11 II Western Europe and the United States 22 III Africa: The Debates on 'Self Determination', 51 'Territorial Integrity', and the 'Inviolability' of Post- Colonial Borders IV The Soviet Union 59 V A Concluding Note 66 3 Angola 69 I Introduction 69 II The Western Response: The United States 72 and Others III The Soviet Union, Cuba and China 89 IV Africa: South Africa and the Contiguous 102 States V Conclusions 110 4 Zaire 112 I Introduction 112 II Western Evaluations and Reactions 115 III African Attitudes 125 IV Cuba, The Soviet Union and Conclusions 129 5 The Dynamics of Intervention: A Comparative 131 Survey 6 Conclusions: Conflict, Intervention and the Fu- 151 ture vii viii Contents Notes 159 Select Bibliography 178 Index 188 Acknowledgements This study has developed from my PhD thesis in politics in Lancaster University. I wish to express my profound grati tude to Christopher Clapham who supervised the initial research for his invaluable advice and criticism throughout the various phases of the enterprise. I should also like to thank Ian Bellany, Martin Edmonds, Reginald Harrison and Laura Summers, all of the Politics Department, Lancaster University, for the useful discussions I had with them while working on the thesis. I owe an intellectual debt to Billy Dudley, late professor of political science, University of Ibadan, for his part in stimu lating my initial interest to pursue research in conflict studies while I was an undergraduate at Ibadan University. I also acknowledge the following teachers and friends ·at Ibadan for the various ways they have contributed towards my academic career: Peter Ekeh, Richard Joseph, Sam Nolut shungu, Elone Nwabuzor, Omafume Onoge, Emmanuel Osuji and Osita Uwalaka. Stimulating discussions on several aspects of African poli tics with the following intellectuals, many during fleeting moments, helped to sharpen the focus of this book: Sully Abu, Jide Adeniyi-Jones, Akuma Aja, Sam Ajeleti, Tade Akin Aina, Joe 'Poju Akinyanju, Mitchell Alamina, Ifi Ama diume, Iyorchia Ayu, Abdulrahaman Mohamed Babu, Celestine Bassey, Nii K. Bentsi-Enchill, Ines Caravia, Chin weizu, Merle Collins, Paul Diakite, Aame Abakpa Diga, Elom ('Chief of Staff') Dovlo, Egwu U. Egwu, Michael Ejieh, Ndubisi Eke, Edem Edem Ekwo, Mohamed El-Doufani, John Fernandes, Rosemary Galli, Joe Gaydecki, Cal Giles, Emmanuel Hansen, Eddie Iroh, WinstonJames, Onwuchek waJemie, DavidJohnson, Yiu-Chung Leung, Stanley Mace huh, Aaron Makondo, Edris Makward, Bene Madunagu, Eddie Madunagu, Xolani Mkhwanazi, Sam Moyo, Tony Nnokam, Pitika Ntuli, Odi Nwabiani,John Nnia Nwodo,Joe Obi Jr, Victor Obichere, Chike Obidigbo, Odia Ofeimun, Amma Ogan, Bisi Ogunbadejo, Yemi Ogunbiyi, Gabriel Ojegbile, Chuba Okadigbo, Aja Okorie, Peter Okoronkwo, lX Acknowledgements X Sonala Olumhense, Kalu E. Kalu Onwunta, Lemmy Owu gah, Tony Phido, Ed Scott, Ahmed Sheikh, Sunmi Smart Cole, Henderson Tapela, Tesfachew, Tunde Thompson, Eskor Toyo, Sonni Tyoden, Onyema Ugochukwu, Amrit Wilson and Zaya Ye ebo. I am particularly grateful to Lemmy Owugah for his role in creating the rigorous scholarly environment at Calabar University which put to the test a series of 'contending' methodologies in the social sciences. Annie Martin and I have spent several hours debating a number of the issues raised in this book. Her ever-critical insights have contributed enormously to the final outcome. I wish to thank Annie for translating the German and French background texts used in the study. Finally, my immense thanks and appreciation to Helen, Ngozi, JacMoses, Victor, Chima, Chinyere, and Esther for their unrelenting work for the family during this time of my absence from home. Herbert Ekwe-Ekwe
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