Conflict and diplomacy : US and the birth of Bangladesh, Pakistan divides

290 Pages·2008·1.96 MB·English

by  Singh

CONFLICT AND DIPLOMACY
US and the Birth of Bangladesh
Pakistan Divides

'In war time no soldier is free to say what he thinks; after a war no one cares
what a soldier thinks.'
GENERAL SIR IAN HAMILTON,
Dispatches from the Dardenelles
Contents
List of Characters
Foreword
Introduction

1. Events Between March-November 1971
2. Confronting the Challenge: Contingency Planning on South Asia—July 1971
3. The War Starts
4. 14 December (continued) Ceasefire Proposal—Dhaka to State (Afternoon)
5. Aftermath
6. Bangladesh Now
Appendix—I
Appendix—II
Appendix—III
Index
List of Characters
Bhutto, Zulfiqar Ali, Chairman of the Pakistan People's Party; Minister of
Foreign Affairs and Deputy Prime Minister, 7-19 December 1971;
thereafter President, Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Minister of Defense of
Pakistan Blood, Archer K., Consul General in Dacca until June 1971
Bowles, Chester, Ambassador to India until April 1969
Brezhnev, Leonid Ilyich, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the
Soviet Union Bush, George H. W., Republican Congressman from Texas
until January 1971; Permanent Representative to the United Nations,
February 1971-January 1973
Conally, John B., Jr., Secretary of Treasury, February 1971-May 1972
De Palma, Samuel, Assistant Secretary of State for International Organisation
Affairs Douglas Home, Sir Alec, British Secretary of State for Foreign and
Commonwealth Affairs from June 1970
Edward, British Prime Minister from June 1970
Farland, Joseph S., Ambassador to Pakistan, September 1969-April 1972
Gandhi, Indira, Prime Minister of India from 1966-1970; thereafter from 1980-
1984
Giri, Varahagiri Venkata, Vice President of India until 3 May 1969; Acting
President, 3 May-29 July 1969; President from 20 August 1969.
Haig, General Alexander M., Jr., Senior Military Adviser to the Assistant to
the President for National Security Affairs, January 1969-June 1970;
Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, June 1970-
January 1973
Haksar, Parmeshwar Narain, Secretary to Prime Minister Indira Gandhi
Haq, Major General Inam-ul, Director General, Defense Procurement,
Pakistan Ministry of Defense Helms, Richard M., Director of Central
Intelligence until February 1973
Huang Hua, Permanent Representative of the People's Republic of China to the
United Nations Irwin, John N., II, Under Secretary of State, September
1970 -July 1972; thereafter, Deputy Secretary of State Jha, Lakshmi Kant,
Governor of the Reserve Bank of India until May 1970; thereafter, Indian
Ambassador to the United States Johnson, U. Alexis, Secretary of State for
Political Affairs from February 1969 Keating, Kenneth B., Ambassador to
India, May 1969—July 1972
Kellogg, Francis L., Special Assistant to the Secretary of State for Refugee and
Migration Affairs from January 1971; Chairman of the Interagency
Committee on Pakistani Refugee Relief Khan, Lieutenant General Tikka,
Martial Law Administrator and Governor of East Pakistan, February-
September 1971; Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army from March
1972
Kissinger, Henry A., Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs
1969
Kosygin, Aleksei N., Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union
MacDonald, Donald G., Assistant Administrator for Near East and South Asia,
Agency for International Development Manekshaw, General Sam
Hormusji Framji Jamshedji, Chief of Staff of the Indian Army Moorer,
Admiral Thomas H., USN, Chief of Naval Operations until July 1970;
thereafter Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Nixon, Richard M.,
President of the United States
Noyes, James H., Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for International
Security Affairs Packard, David, Deputy Secretary of Defense from
January 1969
Rahman, Sheikh Mujibur (Mujib), President of the Awami League; Prime
Minister and Minister of Defense of Bangladesh from January 1972
Ram, Jagjivan, Indian Minister of Defense from June 1970
Rasgotra, Maharajakrishna, Minister for Political Affairs of the Indian
Embassy in the United States Raza, Major General Nawabzada Agha
Mohammad, Pakistani Ambassador to the United States, November 1971-
April 1972
Rogers, William P., Secretary of State, January 1969-September 1973
Scali, John, Special Consultant to the President, January 1971-January 1973
Selden, Armistead, I., Jr., Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for
International Security Affairs Shultz, George P., Secretary of Labor,
January 1969-June 1970; first Director of the Office of Management and
Budget, June 1970-May 1972
Singh, Swaran, Indian Minister of Defense until June 1970; thereafter, Minister
of External Affairs Sisco, Joseph J., Assistant Secretary of State for
International Organization Affairs until February 1969; thereafter, Assistant
Secretary of State for Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs; Chairman of
the NSC Interdepartmental Group for the Near East and South Asia
Spivack, Herbert D., Consul General in Dacca, June 1971-September
1972
Stans, Maurice, Secretary of Commerce, January 1969-January 1972
Thant, U, Secretary-General of the United Nations until December 1971
Van Hollen, Christopher, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern
and South Asian Affairs, May 1969-September 1972; thereafter,
Ambassador to Sri Lanka Vorontsov, Yuli M., Minister of the Soviet
Embassy in the United States
Williams, Maurice J., Deputy Administrator, Agency for International
Development; Chairman of Interdepartmental Working Group on East
Pakistan Disaster Relief Westmoreland, General, Commander of 187th
Airborne Regimental Combat Team in Korean War Yahya Khan, General
Agha Mohammad, Chief Martial Law Administrator, President, Minister of
Defense, and Minister of Foreign Affairs of Pakistan, March 1969-
December 1971
Ziegler, Ronald L., Press Secretary to the President, January 1969-January 1973
Zumwalt, Admiral Elmo R., Chief of Naval Operations
Zhou-enlai, Premier of People Republic of China from 1 October 1949-8
January 1976
Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw, MC