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Confident Public Speaking , Second Edition PDF

541 Pages·2004·11.33 MB·English
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c o n f i d e n t p u b l i c s p e a k i n g SECOND EDITION Deanna D. Sellnow north dakota state university Australia | Canada | Mexico | Singapore | Spain | United Kingdom | United States Publisher: Holly J. Allen Permissions Editor: Joohee Lee Editor: Annie Mitchell Production Service: Robin Lockwood Productions Senior Development Editor: Renée Deljon Text Designer: Robin West Morrow, Ox and Company, Inc. Assistant Editor: Shona Burke Photo Researcher: Sarah Evertson, ImageQuest Editorial Assistant: Trina Enriquez Copy Editor: Anita Wagner Senior Technology Project Manager: Jeanette Wiseman Illustrator: Hans Neuhart Senior Marketing Manager: Kimberly Russell Cover Designer: Patrick Devine Marketing Assistant: Andrew Keay Cover Image: Getty Images/Daly & Newton Advertising Project Manager: Shemika Britt Compositor: Thompson Type Project Manager, Editorial Production: Mary Noel Cover Printer: Coral Graphic Services Print/Media Buyer: Doreen Suruki Printer: Quebecor World/Versailles COPYRIGHT © 2005 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Thomson Wadsworth Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™is a trademark used herein 10 Davis Drive under license. Belmont, CA 94002-3098 USA ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or Asia by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but Thomson Learning not limited to photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribu- 5 Shenton Way #01-01 tion, information networks, or information storage and retrieval UIC Building systems—without the written permission of the publisher. Singapore 068808 Printed in the United States of America Australia/New Zealand 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 08 07 06 05 04 Thomson Learning 102 Dodds Street Southbank, Victoria 3006 For more information about our products, contact us at: Australia Thomson Learning Academic Resource Center 1-800-423-0563 Canada For permission to use material from this text or product, Nelson submit a request online at 1120 Birchmount Road http://www.thomsonrights.com. Toronto, Ontario M1K 5G4 Any additional questions about permissions can be Canada submitted by email to [email protected]. Europe/Middle East/Africa Thomson Learning High Holborn House ExamView® and ExamView Pro® are registered trademarks 50/51 Bedford Row of FSCreations, Inc. Windows is a registered trademark of the London WC1R 4LR Microsoft Corporation used herein under license. Macintosh and United Kingdom Power Macintosh are registered trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. Used herein under license. Latin America Thomson Learning COPYRIGHT © 2005 Thomson Learning, Inc. All Rights Re- Seneca, 53 served.ThomsonLearningWebTutor™isatrademark ofThomson Colonia Polanco Learning, Inc. 11560 Mexico D.F. Mexico Library of Congress Control Number: 2003116261 Spain/Portugal Student Edition: ISBN 0-534-55192-0 Paraninfo Calle Magallanes, 25 Annotated Instructor’s Edition: ISBN 0-534-55197-1 28015 Madrid, Spain I dedicate this book to God who is the power behind all that I do. I also dedicate this book to Tim, Debbie (now 18), and Rick (now 14) who continue to tolerate me as I pursue this project. Your patience, endurance, sacrifices, and love keep me going. I love you all very much! b r i e f c o n t e n t s PART ONE Understanding Communication Dynamics Chapter 1 Communication and Ethical Public Speaking 3 2 Coping Effectively with Public Speaking Anxiety 33 3 Your First Speech 55 4 Listening and Critiquing Communication 77 PART TWO Preparing and Presenting Public Speeches Chapter 5 Selecting and Narrowing Your Topic 105 6 Understanding Your Audience 125 7 Supporting Your Speech: Evidence and Research 151 8 Organizing Your Main Ideas 183 9 Making Lasting Impressions: Introductions and Conclusions 201 10 Outlining Your Speech 221 11 Language and Style Choices in Your Speech 245 12 Delivering Your Public Speech 267 13 Creating and Using Presentational Aids 301 PART THREE Considering Communication Contexts Chapter 14 Informative Speaking 329 15 Persuasive Speaking: Types and Designs 349 16 Persuasive Strategies 381 17 Speaking on Special Occasions 409 18 Working and Speaking in Small Groups 439 Appendix A: Learning Styles Quiz A-1 Appendix B: Speeches for Analysis and Discussion A-5 Glossary G-1 References R-1 Index I-1 Photo Credits C-1 iv c o n t e n t s PREFACE xvi Audience Analysis 16 Learning Styles and Audience Analysis 17 PART ONE The Stages of the Learning Cycle 18 Turning to Technology: Discover Your Preferred Learning Understanding Communication Dynamics Style 20 Chapter 1 Channels 20 Communication and Ethical Feedback 21 Public Speaking 3 Interference 21 Ethical Public Speaking 22 Turning to Technology: What Do You Know about Turning to Technology: The Code of Ethics for Communication? 5 Communication 23 Why Study Public Speaking? 5 Considering Your Topic and Goals 23 Personal Life Benefits 5 Acknowledging Personal Biases 24 College Education Benefits 6 Choosing Evidence 24 Professional Career Benefits 6 Reporting Sources of Information 25 Turning to Technology: How Is Communication Important Conveying Ideas Orally 26 in Your Career Field? 7 Practicing the Process: Questions Ethical Speakers Must What Is Communication? 7 Be Able to Answer 26 Communication Contexts 9 Summary 27 Intrapersonal 9 Returning to Technology 28 Impersonal 9 Speech Interactive on the Confident Public Speaking Interpersonal 9 CD-ROM 28 Small Group 10 Speech Builder Express 28 Public 10 Key Terms 28 Models of Communication 11 Activities 29 Linear 11 InfoTrac College Edition Activity 30 Interactive 11 Transactional 12 Chapter 2 The Seven Basic Elements Coping Effectively with Public of the Communication Process 13 Speaking Anxiety 33 Situation 13 Turning to Technology: Your Personal Report of Public Considering the Situation 13 Speaking Anxiety 34 Considering Communication Rules 14 What Is Communication Apprehension? 35 Sender 15 Turning to Technology: Your Context-Based Practicing the Process: Checklist for Conveying Ethos Apprehension 36 as a Public Speaker 15 Why Do We Experience Public Speaking Anxiety? 36 Message 15 Turning to Technology: Your Game Plan for Dealing Turning to Technology: Observing a Professional 16 with Anxiety 37 Practicing the Process: Guidelines for Safeguarding Socialized Patterns of Thinking and Feeling 37 Your Message 16 Preferred Learning Style 38 Receiver(s) 16 v Self-Talk 38 Practicing the Process: Analyzing Your Audience 57 Practicing the Process: Managing the Fear of Being What Does It Mean to Have Good Content? 58 Stared At 39 Practicing the Process: Questions for Planning the Practicing the Process: Managing the Fear of the Content of Your First Speech 59 Unknown 39 Practicing the Process: Content Checklist for Your First Practicing the Process: Managing the Fear of Failure 40 Speech 60 Practicing the Process: Managing the Fear Turning to Technology: Considering Ethical of Becoming Fearful 40 Speechmaking 60 Turning to Technology: Managing Your Fears 41 What Does It Mean to Have Clear Structure? 60 What Can Be Done to Reduce Anxiety? 41 Macrostructure 60 Systematic Desensitization 41 The Introduction 61 Step 1: Progressive Relaxation Activities 41 Practicing the Process: Guidelines for Creating Your Practicing the Process: Progressive Relaxation Introduction 62 Activities 43 The Body 62 Step 2: Progressive Visualization Activities 44 Practicing the Process: Writing Effective Transitions 63 Turning to Technology: Visualizing Success 44 The Conclusion 63 Practicing the Process: Progressive Visualization Practicing the Process: Creating Your Conclusion 64 Activities 44 Turning to Technology: Cara Langaas’s Formal Outline 66 Step 3: Progressive Experiential Activities 44 Turning to Technology: Kris’s Self-Introduction Speech 66 Practicing the Process: Desensitizing in the Moments Microstructure 67 before You Speak 45 Practicing the Process: Guidelines for Incorporating Cognitive Restructuring 45 Microstructure 68 Step 1: Create a Negative Self-Talk List 45 Practicing the Process: Structure Checklist for Your First Practicing the Process: Create a Negative Speech 68 Self-Talk List 46 What Does It Mean to Have Effective Delivery? 69 Step 2: Identify Irrational Beliefs and Cognitive Turning to Technology: Delivery Tips 69 Distortions that May Guide Your Fears 46 Use of Voice 69 Practicing the Process: Identifying Irrational Beliefs and Practicing the Process: Incorporating Vocal Cognitive Distortions 47 Delivery Cues 70 Step 3: Develop Positive Coping Statements 47 Use of Body 70 Practicing the Process: Creating Positive Coping Turning to Technology: Spontaneous Gestures 72 Statements 48 Practicing the Process: Incorporating Body Step 4: Practice Your Coping Statements Until They Delivery Clues 72 Become Second Nature 48 Practicing the Process: Delivery Checklist for Your First Practicing the Process: Making Your Positive Coping Speech 72 Statements Second Nature 48 Turning to Technology: Kris’s Delivery 73 Turning to Technology: Public Speaking Anxiety Message Turning to Technology: Delivery Tips 73 Board 49 Summary 73 Skills Training 49 Returning to Technology 73 Turning to Technology: How Much Do You Know? 49 Speech Interactive on the Confident Public Speaking Summary 50 CD-ROM 74 Returning to Technology 50 Speech Builder Express 74 Speech Interactive on the Confident Public Speaking Key Terms 74 CD-ROM 50 Activities 75 Speech Builder Express 51 InfoTrac College Edition Activity 75 Key Terms 51 Chapter 4 Activities 51 Listening and Critiquing InfoTrac College Edition Activity 53 Communication 77 Chapter 3 Turning to Technology: Test Your Listening Skills 78 Your First Speech 55 What Is Listening and Why Is It Important? 79 What Does It Mean to be Audience-Centered? 56 Turning to Technology: The International Listening Turning to Technology: Becoming Audience-Centered 56 Association 79 vi Contents Types of Listening: Considering Your Purpose 80 Generating Potential Topics 107 Turning to Technology: Appreciative Listening 81 Brainstorming 107 Turning to Technology: Empathic Listening 82 Turning to Technology: Brainstorming Topics 108 The SIER Model of Critical Listening 83 Researching 108 Practicing the Process: Improving Your Turning to Technology: Challenging Speech Critical Listening 86 Topics 109 The Ethical Listener: Tips for Improving Critical Listening Turning to Technology: Contemporary Social Skills 86 Issues 109 Turning to Technology: Listening Skills Practice 86 Choosing a Topic 111 Bad Habit Number 1: Becoming Distracted 87 Expanding Your Personal Inventory 111 A Strategy: Expend Energy 87 Turning to Technology: Considering Your Beliefs, Practicing the Process: Expend Energy 88 Attitudes, and Values 112 Bad Habit Number 2: Faking Attention 88 Concept Mapping 112 A Strategy: Take Notes 88 Turning to Technology: Create Your Own Practicing the Process: Take Notes 89 Concept Map 113 Bad Habit Number 3: Being Unprepared 89 Researching 113 A Strategy: Prepare Yourself 91 Narrowing Your Topic 114 Practicing the Process: Prepare Yourself 91 The Funnel Method for Narrowing Your Topic 114 Bad Habit Number 4: Prejudging the Speaker 91 Step 1: Select Your General Topic 114 A Strategy: Hear the Speaker Out 91 Step 2: Determine Your Topic Area 114 Practicing the Process: Hear the Speaker Out 92 Step 3: Consider Your General Purpose 114 Bad Habit Number 5: Mentally Arguing and Jumping Step 4: Determine Your Specific Purpose 115 to Conclusions 92 Turning to Technology: Analyzing a Speech 116 A Strategy: Find Value in Every Speech 92 Step 5: Create Your Thesis Statement 117 Practicing the Process: Find Value in Every Speech 92 Practicing the Process: Checklist for Using the Funnel Turning to Technology: Finding Value in Every Speech 93 Method to Create an Effective Thesis Statement 118 Bad Habit Number 6: Listening Too Hard 93 Applying the Funnel Method 118 A Strategy: Listen Analytically 93 Practicing the Process: Using the Funnel Method to Narrow Practicing the Process: Listen Analytically 93 Your Topic: 119 Practicing the Process: Checklist for Effective Listening 94 Summary 120 The Ethical Critic: Tips for Improving Critiquing Skills 94 Returning to Technology 120 Characteristics of Ethical and Effective Critiques 94 Speech Interactive on the Confident Public Speaking Practicing the Process: Checklist for an Effective CD-ROM 120 and Ethical Critique 95 Speech Builder Express 121 Practicing the Process: Videotape Yourself 96 Key Terms 121 Examples of Content, Structure, and Delivery Critiques 97 Activities 121 Practicing the Process: Critique Your Classmates 99 InfoTrac College Edition Activity 122 Turning to Technology: Quiz Yourself 100 Chapter 6 Summary 100 Understanding Your Audience 125 Returning to Technology 100 Why Analyze Your Audience? 126 Speech Interactive on the Confident Public Speaking Turning to Technology: Understanding Your Audience 127 CD-ROM 101 What Is Audience Analysis? 127 Speech Builder Express 101 Analysis of Demographic Characteristics 128 Key Terms 101 Age 129 Activities 101 Practicing the Process: Considering Listeners’ Age 131 InfoTrac College Edition Activity 102 Sex, Gender, and Sexual Orientation 131 PART TWO Turning to Technology: Including Males and Females 131 Preparing and Presenting Public Speeches Practicing the Process: Considering Listeners’ Sex, Gender, and Sexual Orientation 132 Chapter 5 Group Affiliations 133 Selecting and Narrowing Your Topic 105 Turning to Technology: Considering Political Preliminary Considerations for Selecting a Topic 106 Affiliations 133 Contents vii Practicing the Process: Considering Group Affiliations 134 Add Breadth and Depth 153 Socioeconomic Factors 134 Appeal to Your Diverse Audience 153 Practicing the Process: Considering Socioeconomics of Bolster Speaker Ethos 154 Listeners 135 Types of Supporting Material 154 Sociocultural Background 135 Facts and Statistics 154 Turning to Technology: Connecting with International Turning to Technology: Locating Statistical Evidence 155 Audiences 136 Turning to Technology: Understanding Statistics 156 Practicing the Process: Considering Sociocultural Practicing the Process: Evaluating Your Statistics 157 Backgrounds 136 Definitions, Descriptions, and Explanations 157 Analysis of Psychological Characteristics 136 Practicing the Process: Clarifying Aspects of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs 137 Your Topic 158 Practicing the Process: Using Maslow’s Hierarchy to Examples 158 Motivate Listeners 138 Narratives 159 Rhetorical Appeals 139 Practicing the Process: Using Examples Turning to Technology: Examining Rhetorical Appeals 139 and Narratives 160 Audience Analysis and the Learning Cycle 139 Testimony 160 Turning to Technology: Rounding the Cycle of Learning 140 Turning to Technology: Finding Quotations Analysis of Environmental Characteristics 141 from Experts 160 Chronemics 141 Turning to Technology: Using Peer Testimony 160 Practicing the Process: Considering Time Factors 142 Locating Supporting Material: Research 161 Physical Setting 142 Drawing on Personal Experience 161 Practicing the Process: Considering the Physical Setting Practicing the Process: Considering Your Personal of a Speech 142 Experience 162 Occasion 143 Research Interviews 162 Turning to Technology: Honoring Occasion Practicing the Process: Guidelines for an Effective Expectations 143 Research Interview 163 Methods for Audience Analysis 143 Surveys 164 Direct Methods 144 Practicing the Process: Conducting a Survey 164 Practicing the Process: Using Direct Methods 144 Library Resources 164 Indirect Methods 145 Books 165 Practicing the Process: Using Indirect Methods 146 Reference Works 166 Considering Ethics: Integrating Audience Analysis 146 Turning to Technology: Online Encyclopedias 166 Audience Analysis and Topic Selection 146 Magazines and Newspapers 166 Audience Analysis and Supporting Material 146 Turning to Technology: Online and Alternative Audience Analysis and Structure 146 Newspapers 166 Audience Analysis and Delivery 146 Government Documents and Academic Journals 167 Audience Analysis and Presentational Aids 147 Internet Documents 168 Turning to Technology: Applying Audience Analysis to Your Practicing the Process: Conducting Internet Research 168 Speeches 147 Turning to Technology: Using Internet Search Engines Summary 147 Effectively 169 Returning to Technology 148 Browsers 169 Speech Interactive on the Confident Public Speaking Search Engines 169 CD-ROM 148 Directories 169 Speech Builder Express 148 Metasearch Engines 169 Key Terms 149 Other Resources 170 Activities 149 Electronic Discussion Lists 170 InfoTrac College Edition Activity 149 Evaluate Resources 170 Conducting Ethical Research 170 Chapter 7 Practicing the Process: Checklist for Gathering Support Supporting Your Speech: Evidence Materials 171 and Research 151 Turning to Technology: Evaluating Internet Source Why Is Supporting Material Important? 152 Material 171 Turning to Technology: Evidence in Advertisements 152 Evaluating Your Evidence 171 viii Contents Is It Relevant? 171 Transitions 194 Is It Credible? 172 Internal Previews and Summaries 195 Is It Current? 172 Signposts 196 Does It Answer All Important Questions? 172 Practicing the Process: Guidelines for Incorporating Have You Consulted a Variety of Resources? 172 Connectives 196 Do You Use Various Types of Supporting Turning to Technology: Test Yourself 196 Material? 173 Summary 196 Practicing the Process: Checklist of Ethical Considerations Returning to Technology 197 for Evaluating Evidence 173 Speech Interactive on the Confident Public Speaking Documenting Your Evidence 173 CD-ROM 197 Turning to Technology: MLA and APA Style Guides 173 Speech Builder Express 198 APA Style Reference List 174 Key Terms 198 Within the Formal Outline 175 Activities 198 Oral Citations During the Speech 176 InfoTrac College Edition Activity 199 Practicing the Process: References and Oral Footnotes 177 Chapter 9 Turning to Technology: Test Yourself 178 Making Lasting Impressions: Summary 178 Introductions and Conclusions 201 Returning to Technology 178 Speech Interactive on the Confident Public Speaking Why Are Introductions and Conclusions Crucial? 202 CD-ROM 179 Developing Effective Introductions 202 Speech Builder Express 179 Capturing Audience Interest 203 Key Terms 179 Questions 203 Activities 180 Turning to Technology: Questions to Consider 204 InfoTrac College Edition Activity 180 Quotations 205 Turning to Technology: Finding Good Quotations 205 Chapter 8 Stories 205 Organizing Your Main Ideas 183 Startling Facts or Statistics 206 What Is Organization? 184 Action 206 Why Is Organization So Important to Public Speaking? Humor 206 184 Turning to Technology: Finding Good Jokes 207 Developing the Body of Your Speech 185 Practicing the Process: Guidelines for Creating Effective Selecting a Pattern for Your Main Points 185 Attention Catchers 208 Practicing the Process: Determining Questions to Be Establishing Rapport with the Audience 208 Answered 186 Establishing Your Credibility 209 Turning to Technology: Organizational Mapping 187 Practicing the Process: Steps for Establishing Your Practicing the Process: Discovering Relationships 187 Credibility 210 Chronological Pattern 188 Stating the Speech Topic 210 Narrative Pattern 188 Previewing the Main Points 210 Causal Pattern 190 Practicing the Process: Checklist of Elements for an Turning to Technology: Causal Reasoning 190 Effective Introduction 211 Spatial Pattern 190 Turning to Technology: Chuck’s Introduction 211 Topical Pattern 191 Turning to Technology: Tiffany’s Speech 213 Compare-and-Contrast Pattern 191 Developing Effective Conclusions 213 Turning to Technology: Organizational Patterns 192 Reinforcing the Main Ideas 214 Practicing the Process: Selecting a Pattern 193 Motivating Listeners to Remember 214 Integrating Supporting Material 193 Providing a Sense of Closure 216 Sort Supporting Material among the Main Points 193 Turning to Technology: Beginning and Ending Add Subdivisions Where Necessary 193 Your Speech 217 Consider the Learning Cycle 193 Practicing the Process: Checklist of Elements for an Consider Relevance to Listeners 194 Effective Conclusion 217 Practicing the Process: Guidelines for Integrating Your Summary 217 Supporting Material 194 Returning to Technology 218 Incorporating Connectives 194 Contents ix

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Previously titled PUBLIC SPEAKING: A PROCESS APPROACH, Deanna Sellnow's CONFIDENT PUBLIC SPEAKING, SECOND EDITION distinguishes itself as the introductory text that most effectively presents the process of public speaking and the strategies students can use to become confident public speakers. Stude
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Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.