Confederate Emancipation: Southern Plans to Free and Arm Slaves during the Civil War PDF
Preview Confederate Emancipation: Southern Plans to Free and Arm Slaves during the Civil War
Confederate Emancipation: Southern Plans to Free and Arm Slaves during the Civil War BRUCE LEVINE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Confederate Emancipation This page intentionally left blank Confederate Emancipation Southern Plans to Free and Arm Slaves during the Civil War B R U C E L E V I N E 2006 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2006 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Levine, Bruce C., 1949– Confederate emancipation: southern plans to free and arm slaves during the Civil War/Bruce Levine. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-19-514762-9 ISBN-10: 0-19-514762-6 1. Slaves—Emancipation—Confederate States of America. 2. Confederate States of America—Politics and government. 3. Slaves—Confederate States of America—History—19th century. 4. Slaves—Southern States—History—19th century. 5. United States—History—Civil War, 1861–1865—African Americans. 6. Confederate States of America—Race relations—Political aspects. I. Title. E453.L48 2005 973.7’14—dc22 2005047746 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper To my sister, Nancy, With love and appreciation This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Introduction The Puzzle of Confederate Emancipation 1 1 “A Desperate Expedient” The Heresy and Its Origins, 1861–1864 16 2 “What Did We Go to War For?” The Critics’ Indictment 40 3 Black and Gray Slaves and the Confederate War Effort 60 viii Contents 4 “We Can Devise the Means” The Long-Term Plan 89 5 “On the Footing of Soldiers” Enacting and Implementing New Policy, 1864–1865 110 6 “Like a Drowning Man Catching at Straws” Could It Have Worked? 129 Conclusion From Black Troops to Black Codes “Confederate Emancipation” in War and Peace 148 Acknowledgments 165 Notes 169 Sources Cited 223 Index 243 Contents ix Confederate Emancipation
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