Conducting Polymers, Fundamentals and Applications: Including Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene PDF
Preview Conducting Polymers, Fundamentals and Applications: Including Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene
Prasanna Chandrasekhar Conducting Polymers, Fundamentals and Applications Including Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene Second Edition Conducting Polymers, Fundamentals and Applications Prasanna Chandrasekhar Conducting Polymers, Fundamentals and Applications Including Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene Second Edition PrasannaChandrasekhar Ashwin-UshasCorporation Marlboro,NewJersey,USA ISBN978-3-319-69376-7 ISBN978-3-319-69378-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69378-1 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017955677 ©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG1999,2018 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinor for anyerrors oromissionsthat may havebeenmade. Thepublisher remainsneutralwith regardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface Thisbookisarevisededitionofabookbythesameauthor,ConductingPolymers, FundamentalsandApplications:APracticalApproach,publishedin1999andwell received at the time. The earlier book addressed a critical need for a primarily pedagogicalandinstructionaltextinconductingpolymers(CPs)atabasiclevel.It ended up being used by many academic institutions in graduate- or senior under- graduate-level courses,aswellasbyawidevarietyofresearchersandstudentsin thevariedandmultidisciplinaryfieldsinwhichCPshavebeenapplied.Inthenearly 18 years that have passed since that first publication, CPs have fulfilled some aspirations for their applications but have also disappointed in many others. Nev- ertheless, they remain a firmly entrenched, yet continually developing, class of materials used by many researchers in various fields, as the chapter titles of this bookclearlyillustrate. Since the first edition in 1999, two new classes of conductive materials have received much attention and research. These are carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene. Indeed, one may say that these two classes of materials have received evenmoreattentionthanCPseverreceivedinthelast18years.Inonecase,thatof CNTs,aspirationsfortheirapplicationshavesomewhatdisappointed.Intheother case,thatofgraphene,thereisstillmuchpromiseinfutureapplications.Neverthe- less, these two classes of materials bear many similarities to CPs, primary among them being that their unique conductivity properties give rise to a whole host of other properties with potential applications in areas as diverse as drug delivery, communication, and metamaterials. Thus, an expansion of the subject material of thebooktoincludethesenewerclassesandtheconsequent,logicalexpansionofthe titletoConductingPolymersandOtherNewConductiveMaterialswasinorder. As in the earlier edition, this book primarily addresses the need for an instruc- tionaltextatafundamentallevel,togetherwithanintroductiontopotentialappli- cationsforconductingpolymers(CPs),carbonnanotubes(CNTs),andgraphene.It can assist a variety of researchers from diverse fields, ranging from materials scientists,chemists,biologists,physicists,andenvironmentalresearcherstomedi- cal/pharmacologicalresearchersandevenmedicaldoctorsinvolvedinresearch. v vi Preface While there are several extant texts in each of these three fields, nearly all are “editor/contributor”textsofahigh-levelandspecializednature,addressingnarrow subfields.Theyprimarilypresentongoingresearchinthecontributors’laboratories. Thesetextsoftentimesplungedirectlyintothethickofhigh-levelresearch,withno pauseforinstruction,orevenanexplanationofterminology,forthenoviceornew researcher. Thus, they are sometimes quite difficult to follow for persons in areas thataredifferentfromthechapterauthor’sresearch. Thisbookisseparatedintosixparts,twoeachforfundamentalsandapplications for each of the three classes of materials, i.e., conducting polymers (CPs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and graphene. At the end of each chapter, there are problems/ exerciseswhichshouldserveasagoodtestonwhetherthereaderabsorbedatleasta majorityofthematerialpresentedinthechapter. Aswiththeearlieredition,thisbookemphasizesapractical,“how-to”approach andiswritteninsuchawaythatanewresearchercaninstructionallyuseonlythe parts relevant to his/her present research. The book also targets students, at the advanced undergraduate or graduate level, and could be included as part of a comprehensiveintroductiontothesefields. The author wishes to acknowledge the able assistance of Timothy Ambat in editingthistext. Marlboro,NJ,USA PrasannaChandrasekhar Foreword to the First Edition Likesemiconductors,organicmaterialswithextendedπ-electronconjugation(e.g., “conducting polymers”) can give rise to novel electrical, optical, and magnetic phenomena.Likesemiconductormaterials,suchphenomenacan,atleasthypothet- ically, be translated into a variety of useful devices. However, organic π-electron materials, unlike semiconductors, are not atomic solids but rather are typically amorphous polymeric materials. Phenomena such as charge transport in organic materialscanbequitedifferent(e.g.,variablerangehopping)fromthatencountered insemiconductors,andarangeofmechanismscanbeactivedependingonmaterial processing.Possible“conductingpolymer”structuresandprocessingprotocolsare almost limitless. Certainly, the possibilities for “molecular engineering” of conducting polymers are very large indeed. The construction of devices such as light-emitting diodes and nonlinear optical switches involves quite different con- siderations when using π-electron materials compared to the construction of such devices from semiconductors. Not only are potential applications of π-electron polymeric materials very impressive in terms of anticipated economic impact of specific applications, but the anticipated range of applications is very large (e.g., light-emittingdiodes,batteries,sensors,photorefractivedevices,electro-andpho- tochromic devices and materials, microwave absorbing materials, second- and third-ordernonlinearopticalmaterialsanddevices,etc.). The field of “conducting polymers” has been very dynamic in its evolution. From simple-minded pictures of bond alternation defects and application to the development of lightweight batteries, the field has evolved to include an ever- widening area of topics and applications. In recent years, applications involving electroluminescence, photorefractivity,electrochromism,optical nonlinearity, and sensinghaveparticularlyattractedattention.Theliteratureforeachapplicationarea hasbecomeenormous(e.g.,thousandsofarticlespublishedonsingletopicssuchas organiclight-emittingdiodes).Becauseofthevastnessanddiversityofthejournal andconferenceproceedingsliteraturerelatedtothetopicofconductingpolymers,a textwrittenfromtheperspectiveofasingle individual isparticularlyusefulasan educationaltoolforacquaintingscientistswithvariousaspectsofthistopic. vii viii ForewordtotheFirstEdition The importance of the topics covered in the current text certainly makes this workusefultothescientificcommunity UniversityofWashington, LarryDalton Seattle,WA,USA List of Common Abbreviations Theabbreviationslistedbelowareclassifiedintothefollowingcategories: General CommonConductingPolymers OtherPolymers Monomers Dopants Chemicals,Solvents Techniques,Methodology Abbreviation Explanation General: AC Alternatingcurrent AFM Atomicforcemicroscopy ASTM- TestingorotherstandardsissuedbytheAmericanSocietyforTesting andMaterials CB Conductionband CON1/2/3 1st,2nd,and3rdconfigurationsusedinAshwinelectrochemical devices CP Conductingpolymer CV Cyclicvoltammetry DC Directcurrent DPV Differentialpulsevoltammetry EA Electronaffinity e-beam Electronbeam E Fermilevel(primarilyinthecontextofsemiconductors) F E E(gap),bandgapenergy g EIS Electrochemicalimpedancespectroscopy EMI Electromagneticinterference EMI-SE Electromagneticinterferenceshieldingeffectiveness (continued) ix x ListofCommonAbbreviations Abbreviation Explanation EO,E/O,E-O Electro-optic ESD Electrostaticdischarge ESR Electronspinresonance EXAFS ExtendedX-rayabsorptionfinestructure FET Field-effecttransistor FWHM Fullwidthathalfmaximum(peakhalfwidth) HOMO Highestoccupiedmolecularorbital H-T Head-to-tail(coupling) I ,IP Ionizationpotential p ITO Indiumtinoxide ITO Indiumtinoxidethinfilm I-V Current-voltage(curves,etc.) LB Langmuir–Blodgett LC Liquidcrystal(s) LCD Liquidcrystaldisplay LEC Light-emittingelectrochemicalcell(s) LED Light-emittingdiode LSV Linearsweepvoltammetry LUMO Lowestoccupiedmolecularorbital MIL-,MIL-C-, MilitarystandardsissuedbytheUSDept.ofDefense MIL-STD- MWt,MW Molecularweight NPV Normalpulsevoltammetry PV Photovoltaic(s) QCM Quartzcrystalmicrobalance RCS Radarcrosssection S,S/cm Siemen,Siemen/cm(Siemen,unitofimpedance,¼Ω-1) SC Semiconductor SCALE Symmetricallyconfiguredalternatingcurrentlightemitting SCE Saturatedcalomelelectrode STM Scanningtunnelingmicroscopy SWV Squarewavevoltammetry VB Valenceband XPS X-rayphotoelectronspectrometry CommonConductingPolymers: BBB seep.423 BBL seep.423 PBT seep.423 P(....) Poly(....) P(Ac) Polyacetylene(s) P(ANi),PANI,PAN Poly(aniline) P(DiAc) Poly(diacetylene(s)) P(DPA) Poly(diphenylamine) PPO seep.423 (continued)
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