Concrete and Masonry Databook

721 Pages·2002·28.778 MB·English

by  Christine Beall, Rochelle Jaffe

Concrete and
Masonry
Databook
Christine Beall
Rochelle Jaffe
McGraw-Hill
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Cataloging-in-Publication Data is on file with the Library of Congress.
Copyright © 2003 by Christine Beall and Rochelle Jaffe. All rights reserved. Printed in the United
States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this
publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or
retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 90 CCW/CCW 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 32
ISBN 0-07-136154-5
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and the production supervisor was Pamela A. Pelton..
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Information contained in this work has been obtained by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
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sional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should
be sought.
To Denise Wilson
and Robert W. Steinhaus
Preface
Concrete and Masonry Databook is intended to provide quick reference to a wide variety of design
and construction information on these two building systems. Only the most basic information is given
in text format, with the vast majority of the data presented graphically. The greatest emphasis is on
construction details and tabular data, and source citations refer the reader to other texts when in-depth
discussion or explanation is required. While much of the information on masonry was derived from
other books by Beall, including Masonry Design and Detailing (4th ed.), and Masonry and Concrete
for Residential Construction (part of McGraw-Hill's Complete Construction Series), it has been sup-
plemented extensively with new drawings, tables, and graphs. Jaffe's extensive experience at Con-
struction Technology Laboratories (a subsidiary of the Portland Cement Association) provided her
with access to the latest information and research on concrete, which has been incorporated into this
text along with data from the American Concrete Institute, the Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute,
and other industry publications. The result is a comprehensive compilation of information organized
into 17 sections and supplemented with an exhaustive glossary and list of relevant ASTM standards.
CHRISTINE BEALL, NCARB, CCS
Austin, Texas
ROCHELLE JAFFE, SE, AR, CCS, CSISM
NTH Consultants, Ltd.
Farmington Hills, Michigan
Contents
Preface ................................................................................................................. xi
Section 1. Products and Materials .................................................................. 1.1
1.1 Cement ............................................................................................................... 1.2
1.2 Mason’s Lime ..................................................................................................... 1.6
1.3 Admixtures ......................................................................................................... 1.7
1.4 Coloring Pigments .............................................................................................. 1.12
1.5 Aggregates ......................................................................................................... 1.13
1.6 Clay Brick ........................................................................................................... 1.17
1.7 Structural Clay Tile ............................................................................................. 1.28
1.8 Glass Block ........................................................................................................ 1.31
1.9 Concrete Masonry Units ..................................................................................... 1.32
1.10 Natural Stone ..................................................................................................... 1.42
Section 2. Concrete, Mortar, and Grout Mixes ............................................... 2.1
2.1 Concrete, Mortar, and Grout .............................................................................. 2.2
2.2 Normal Weight Concrete Mixes ......................................................................... 2.5
2.3 Masonry Mortar .................................................................................................. 2.22
2.4 Masonry Grout ................................................................................................... 2.29
2.5 Fiber-reinforced Concrete .................................................................................. 2.33
2.6 Lightweight Concrete ......................................................................................... 2.36
2.7 High-strength Concrete ...................................................................................... 2.39
Section 3. Concrete and Masonry Performance Characteristics ................. 3.1
3.1 Strength .............................................................................................................. 3.2
3.2 Thermal Resistance ........................................................................................... 3.6
3.3 Fire Resistance .................................................................................................. 3.14
3.4 Expansion and Contraction ................................................................................ 3.21
3.5 Acoustical Resistance ........................................................................................ 3.39
3.6 Weather Resistance ........................................................................................... 3.48
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viii Contents
Section 4. Formwork ........................................................................................ 4.1
4.1 Form Materials ................................................................................................... 4.2
4.2 Construction Details ........................................................................................... 4.10
Section 5. Reinforcement ................................................................................ 5.1
5.1 Steel Reinforcing Bars ....................................................................................... 5.2
5.2 Welded Wire Fabric Reinforcement ................................................................... 5.11
5.3 Prestressing Wire, Strands, and Bars ................................................................ 5.14
5.4 Prefabricated Masonry Joint Reinforcement ...................................................... 5.21
5.5 Corrosion Protection .......................................................................................... 5.23
5.6 Fiber Reinforcement ........................................................................................... 5.25
Section 6. Accessories .................................................................................... 6.1
6.1 Masonry Connectors .......................................................................................... 6.2
6.2 Reinforcing Bar Supports and Positioners ......................................................... 6.11
6.3 Concrete Connectors ......................................................................................... 6.15
6.4 Corrosion Protection .......................................................................................... 6.28
6.5 Flashing and Weep Accessories ........................................................................ 6.32
Section 7. Construction Procedures .............................................................. 7.1
7.1 Masonry Unit Bonding and Coursing ................................................................. 7.2
7.2 Masonry Construction ........................................................................................ 7.8
7.3 Placing Reinforcement ....................................................................................... 7.17
7.4 Placing and Finishing Concrete ......................................................................... 7.29
7.5 Masonry Grouting ............................................................................................... 7.41
7.6 Curing Concrete and Masonry ........................................................................... 7.45
7.7 Hot and Cold Weather Procedures .................................................................... 7.51
Section 8. Site and Landscape Elements ....................................................... 8.1
8.1 Concrete Paving ................................................................................................. 8.2
8.2 Masonry Paving ................................................................................................. 8.11
8.3 Traditional Retaining Walls ................................................................................ 8.18
8.4 Segmental CMU Retaining Walls ....................................................................... 8.27
8.5 Freestanding Walls ............................................................................................ 8.29
Section 9. Residential Foundations ................................................................ 9.1
9.1 Soils, Footings, and Foundations ....................................................................... 9.2
9.2 Insulating Concrete Forms (ICF) ........................................................................ 9.21
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Contents ix
Section 10. Cast-in-place Concrete .................................................................. 10.1
10.1 General .............................................................................................................. 10.2
10.2 Concrete Foundations and Walls ....................................................................... 10.15
10.3 Concrete Framing Systems ................................................................................ 10.29
10.4 Shotcrete ............................................................................................................ 10.50
Section 11. Precast and Prestressed Concrete ............................................... 11.1
11.1 Precast Concrete Concepts ............................................................................... 11.3
11.2 Environmental Performance Concepts .............................................................. 11.24
11.3 Handling and Erection Concepts ........................................................................ 11.35
11.4 Reinforcing Concepts ......................................................................................... 11.38
11.5 Connection Concepts ......................................................................................... 11.42
11.6 Tolerance Concepts ........................................................................................... 11.64
11.7 Insulated Concrete Panels ................................................................................. 11.78
11.8 Composite Panels, GFRC, and Cast Stone ....................................................... 11.81
Section 12. Tilt-up Concrete .............................................................................. 12.1
12.1 Loadbearing Tilt-up Walls .................................................................................. 12.2
12.2 Forming, Rigging, and Connecting Tilt-up Wall Panels ...................................... 12.22
12.3 Wall-to-foundation Connections ......................................................................... 12.24
12.4 Wall-to-floor Connections ................................................................................... 12.26
12.5 Wall-to-roof Connections .................................................................................... 12.30
12.6 Wall-to-wall Connections .................................................................................... 12.43
12.7 Wall-to-steel Column Connections ..................................................................... 12.50
Section 13. Single-wythe Masonry Walls ......................................................... 13.1
13.1 Concrete Block ................................................................................................... 13.2
13.2 Glass Block Masonry ......................................................................................... 13.22
Section 14. Multi-wythe Masonry Walls ............................................................ 14.1
14.1 Multi-wythe Wall Types ...................................................................................... 14.2
14.2 Empirical Design Requirements ......................................................................... 14.4
14.3 Multi-wythe Masonry Wall Details ...................................................................... 14.19
Section 15. Veneer Masonry .............................................................................. 15.1
15.1 Masonry Veneer and Code Requirements ......................................................... 15.2
15.2 Residential Construction Details ........................................................................ 15.8
15.3 Commercial Construction Details ....................................................................... 15.16
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x Contents
Section 16. Masonry Arches and Lintels .......................................................... 16.1
16.1 Masonry Arches ................................................................................................. 16.2
16.2 Lintels ................................................................................................................. 16.7
Section 17. Masonry Fireplaces ........................................................................ 17.1
17.1 Fireplaces ........................................................................................................... 17.2
17.2 Fireplace Flues ................................................................................................... 17.5
Glossary .............................................................................................................. G.1
ASTM Standards ................................................................................................. S.1
Metric Conversion .............................................................................................. M.1
References .......................................................................................................... R.1
Index .................................................................................................................... I.1
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Section
i
Products and Materials
1.1 Cement 1.6.6 Special Brick Shapes
1.1.1 ASTM C150 Portland Cement 1.6.7 ASTM C1405 Glazed Brick
1.1.2 Comparison of ASTM C150 Cement Types 1.6.8 Minimum Physical Requirements for Brick
1.1.3 ASTM C595 Blended Hydraulic Cements 1.6.9 Compressive Strength of Brick
1.1.4 ASTM C91 Masonry Cement 1.6.10 Bond Strength and IRA
1.1.5 ASTM C1329 Mortar Cement 1.6.11 Brick Manufacturing Tolerances
1.6.12 ASTM C902 Pedestrian/Light Traffic Paving Brick
1.2 Mason's Lime 1.6.13 ASTM C1272 Heavy Vehicular Paving Brick
1.2.1 ASTM C207 Hydrated Lime 1.6.14 ASTM C1261 Firebox Brick
1.2.2 ASTM C5 Quicklime
1.7 Structural Clay Tile
1.3 Admixtures 1.7.1 Structural Clay Tile Shapes and Sizes
1.3.1 Concrete Admixtures 1.7.2 Glazed Structural Clay Tile Shapes
1.3.2 Concrete Admixtures by Classification 1.7.3 Physical Requirements for Structural Clay Tile
1.3.3 Air-Entrainment for Concrete 1.7.4 ASTM C530 Structural Clay Non-Loadbearing
1.3.4 Finely Divided Mineral Admixtures for Concrete Screen Tile
1.3.5 ASTM C1384 Modifiers for Masonry Mortar
1.3.6 Chemical Admixtures for Masonry Grout 1.8 Glass Block
1.8.1 Glass Block Sizes and Shapes
1.4 Coloring Pigments 1.8.2 Glass Block Light Transmission and Thermal
1.4.1 Concrete and Mortar Coloring Pigments Performance
1.4.2 Dry-Shake Concrete Coloring Agents and
Surface-Applied Stains 1.9 Concrete Masonry Units
1.9.1 Standard Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU) Stretchers
1.5 Aggregates and Unit Coring
1.5.1 Concrete Aggregate Characteristics / Tests 1.9.2 Special Shape Concrete Masonry Units
1.5.2 ASTM C33 Normal Weight Aggregates for 1.9.3 Architectural Concrete Masonry Units
Concrete and Concrete Masonry Units 1.9.4 Physical Requirements for Concrete Masonry Units
1.5.3 ASTM C330 Aggregates for Lightweight 1.9.5 ASTM C744 Prefaced Concrete Masonry Units
Structural Concrete 1.9.6 CMU Aggregate Type and Unit Weight
1.5.4 ASTM C331 Lightweight Aggregates for 1.9.7 Concrete Masonry Pavers
Concrete Masonry Units 1.9.8 Physical Requirements of Concrete Masonry Pavers
1.5.5 ASTM C144 Masonry Mortar Sand 1.9.9 Concrete Masonry Screen Block
1.5.6 ASTM C404 Masonry Grout Aggregates 1.9.10 Concrete Masonry Segmental Retaining Wall (SRW)
Units
1.6 Clay Brick
1.6.1 Solid Brick and Hollow Brick 1.10 Natural Stone
1.6.2 Building Brick, Face Brick, and Hollow Brick 1.10.1 Stone Forms and Surface Finishes
1.6.3 Modular Brick Sizes 1.10.2 Stone Bonding Patterns
1.6.4 Brick Size and Coursing Tables 1.10.3 Properties of Building Stone
1.6.5 ASTM C652 Hollow Brick Coring and Shell 1.10.4 Fabrication Tolerances for Building Stone
Variations
1.1.1 ASTM Cl 50 Portland Cement
Type I For use when the special properties for any other type are not required.
Type IA Air-entraining cement for the same uses as Type I, where air-entrainment is desired.
Type II For general use, more especially when moderate sulfate resistance or moderate heat of
hydration is desired.
Type HA Air-entraining cement for the same uses as Type II, where air entrainment is desired.
Type III For use when high early strength is desired.
Type IIIA Air-entraining cement for the same use as Type III, where air entrainment is desired.
Type IV For use when a low heat of hydration is desired.
Type V For use when high sulfate resistance is desired.
Standard Physical Requirements
Cement Type
Property Type I Type IA Type Il Type NAType IIIType IIIAType IVType V
Air content of mortar (% volume)
maximum 12 22 12 22 12 22 12 12
minimum 16 16 16 11
Fineness, specific surface (m2/kg)
turbidmetertest, minimum 160 160 160 160 160 160
air permeability test, minimum 280 280 280 280 280 280
Autoclave expansion (maximum %) 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
Strength, not less than the values shown
for the ages indicated as follows:
Compressive strength (psi)
lday 1,740 1,450
3 days 1,740 1,450 1,450 1,160 3,480 2,760 1,160
7 days 2,760 2,320 2,470 2,030 1,020 2,180
28 days 1,740 1,310 2,470 3,050
Time of setting (minutes)
Gillmoretest
initial set, minimum not less than 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60
final set, minimum not more than 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600
Vicat test (minutes)
time of setting, minimum not less than 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45
time of setting, minimum not more than 375 375 375 375 375 375 375 375
{Copyright ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. Reprinted with permission.)
Optional Physical Requirements
Cement Type
Property Type I Type IA Type Il Type HAType IIIType IIIAType IVType V
False set, final penetration (minimum %) 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
Heat of hydration
7 days, maximum (cal/g) 250
290 290
28 days, maximum (cal/g) 290
Strength, not less than the value shown
Compressive strength (psi) at 28 days 4,060 3,190
4,060 3,190
Sulfate resistance, 14 days (maximum % 0.040
expansion)
{Copyright ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. Reprinted with permission.)