Concise Metals Engineering Data Book

253 Pages·1997·9.204 MB·253\253

by  Davis, Joseph R.

Concise Metals
Engi n eer in g
Data Book
Editor
Joseph R. Davis
The Materials
Information Society
Concise Metals
Engineering
Data Book
Editor
Joseph R. Davis
ASN\
\::Z
The Materials
Information Society
copyright 0 1997
bY
ASM Internationam
AU rights resewed
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,i n any form or by
any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the written permission
of tile copyright owner.
First printing, December 1997
Second printing, August 2007
Third printing, April 2008
Fourth printing, March 2009
Fifth printing, March 2010
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Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 97-75187
ISBN-13: 978-0-87170-606-5 ISBN-10: 0-87170-6W7
SAN: 204-7586
ASM InternaPtloonal@
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Preface
The purpose of the Concise Merals Engineering Data Book is to provide students, salespeople,
purchasing agents, and metallurgists with the type ofpracrical information that they require on a
daily basis. It was designed with an easy-to-use format to allow quick retrieval of data from a
wide range of metals-related subjects. Chemical compositions, physical properties, and me-
chanical properties are listed from hundreds of metals and alloys (see, for example, Chapters 7,8,
and 9). Included are useful tables that compare and rank the density, melting point,and elastic
modulus of the various metallic elements used in structural alloys.
Some chapters serve as introductions to important metallurgical subjects. For example, what
are the three crystal structures associated with almost all metals, and how do crystal defects influ-
ence plastic deformation? What is hardenability? How does it differ from hardness, and how is
hardenability determined or measured? The answers to these questions can be found in Chapters
5 and 1 1, respectively.
Still other chapters serve as a guide for further study or information gathering. The last chapter
provides an extensive bibliography divided into key subject areas: materials properties and selec-
tion, failure analysis, corrosion, mechanical testing, etc.
I wish to acknowledge the following individuals who assisted me in developing the outline for
the book: Sunneva Collins, Napro Company; Monte Pool, University of Cincinnati; Dick Con-
nell, University of Florida; and William W. Scott, Jr., ASM International. Some of these indi-
viduals were involved in a StudenVFaculty Focus Group organized by ASM. I would also like to
express my thanks to Veronica Flint of the ASM editorial staff for her support and encourage-
ment during the project.
Joseph R. Davis
V
ASW ASM International@is a Society
whose mission is to gather, process and
lumER-rle- d isseminate technical information.
ASM fosters the understanding and
application of engineered materials and
their research, design, reliable manu-
The Materials facture, use and economic and social
InfOrmatlOn SOClety benefits. This is accomplished via a
unique global information-sharing
network of interaction among members
in forums and meetings, education
programs, and through publications
and electronic media.
Contents
.......................................
Preface.. ................................................................. v
1 Symbols for the Elements and the Periodic Table
Table 1.1 Symbols and atomic numbers for the c
Table 1.2 Important metallic element groups ..........
2 Physical Properties of the Elements ....................................... .4
Table 2.1 Density rankings (lightest to heaviest) of metallic elements that
serve as the base element for structural alloys. ............................ .4
Table 2.2 Melting point rankings (highest to lowest) of metallic elements
that serve as the base element for structural alloys .......................... 5
Table 2.3 Elastic modulus rankings (highest to lowest) of metallic elements
that serve as the base element for structural alloys ................. ..... 5
Table 2.4 Physical properties of the elements ..... 6
3 Vapor Pressures of the Elements. ......................................... 14
Table 3.1 Vapor pressures of the elements up to 1 atm (760 mm Hg)
4 Physical Properties of Gases and Liquids. .................. ........... 16
Table 4.1 Physical properties of common gases and liquids ...
Table 4.2 Physical properties of common inorganic and organic
5 Crystal Structures.. .................................................... 18
6 PhaseDiagrams ........................................................ 29
7 Chemical Compositions of Metals and Alloys 48
Table 7.1 Guide to the Unified Numbering System (UNS) for metals and alloys ...4 8
Table 7.2 SAE-AISI syst
Table 7.3 Carbon steel compositions
Table 7.4 Carbon steel compositions
Table 7.5 Free-cutting (resulfurized) carbon steel compositions
Table 7.6 Free-cutting (rephosphorized and resulfurized) carbo
steel compositions ...
Table 7.7 High-mangane
Table 7.8 High-manganese carbon steel compositions. ....... ............ 54
Table 7.9 Low-alloy steel compositions applicable to billets, blooms, slabs, and
hot-rolled and cold-finished bars ........ ............................ 55
Table 7.10 Composition ranges and limits fo SI-SAE standard low-alloy steel
plate applicable for structural applications. ............................... 58
Table 7.1 1 Composition of carbon and carbon-boron H-steels
Table 7.1 2 Composition of standard alloy H-steels .........
Table 7.13 Composition limits of principal types of tool steels .........
Table 7.14 Composition of selected standard and special stainless steels .........6 4
vii
Table 7.15 Compositions of maraging and high fracture toughness steels. ........6 7
Table 7.16 Four-digit numerical system used to identify wrought aluminum
and aluminum alloys ........................ 67
Table 7.17 Four-digit ify cast aluminum and
aluminum alloys. .. ................................. 68
Table 7.1 8 Designatio positions of common wrought
aluminum and aluminum alloys.. ..................................... .68
Table 7.19 Designations and nominal compositions of common aluminum
alloys used for casting .............................................. .70
Table 7.20 Generic classification of copper alloys. ... .................... 71
Table 7.21 Nominal compositions of wrought copper and copper alloys ......... 71
Table 7.22 Nominal compositions of cast copper and copper alloys ............ .75
Table 7.23 Nominal compositions of common zinc alloy die castings and
zinc alloy ingot for die casting. ....................................... .77
Table 7.24 Nominal compositions of zinc-aluminum foundry and die casting
alloys directly poured to produce castings and in ingot form for remelting
to produce castings. ......... .... .. .................... 78
Table 7.25 Nominal compositions of zinc casting alloys used for sheet
metal forming dies and for slush casting alloys in ingot form. ................7 8
Table 7.26 Nominal compositions of rolled zinc alloys per ASTM B 69 .........7 9
Table 7.27 Nominal compositions of magnesium casting alloys . .......... 79
Table 7.28 Nominal compositions of wrought magnesium alloys
Table 7.29 UNS categories and nominal compositions of various lead grad
and lead-base alloys ... ........................................... 80
Table 7.30 Chemical com itions of common titanium and titanium alloys ......8 3
Table 7.31 Compositions of selected nickel and nickel-base alloys.. ...... 84
Table 7.32 Nominal compositions of various cobalt-base alloys ................8 6
8 Physical Properties of Metals and Alloys
Table 8.1 Density of metals and alloys.
Table 8.2 Linear thermal expansion of metals and allo
Table 8.3 Thermal conductivity of metals and alloys ................9 5
Table 8.4 Electrical conductivity and resistivity of metals and alloys. .
Table 8.5 Approximate melting temperatures of metals and alloys ............ 101
9 Mechanical Properties of Metals and Alloys ......................... .lo4
Table 9.1 Mechanical properties of selected carbon and alloy steels in the
hot-rolled, normalized, and annealed con ..............1 04
Table 9.2 Mechanical properties of selected carbon and alloy steels in the
quenched-and-tempered condition. .... ......... ... ....... 106
Table 9.3 Mechanical property data for sta ... .......1 09
Table 9.4 Typical mechanical properties of commonly used wrought
aluminum alloys. .................................................. 112
Table 9.5 Typical tensile properties for separately cast test bars of common
aluminum casting alloys. .................................... 113
Table 9.6 Mechanical properties of wrought copper and copper alloys. .........1 14
Table 9.7 Mechanical properties of cast copper and copper alloys ............. 117
Table 9.8 Qpcial mechanical properties of zinc alloy die castings .............1 20
Table 9.9 Minimum mechanical properties for magnesium alloys. .............1 20
Table 9.10 Tensile properties of common titanium and titanium alloys.. ........ 121
Table 9.1 1 Mechanical properties of selected nickel-base alloys. .............. 122
Table 9.12 Mechanical properties of selected cobalt-base alloys. ..............1 24
viii
Table 9.13 Elastic constants for polycrystalline metals at 20 "C ...............1 24
10 Mechanical Properties Charts for Steels ................................. 125
11 Hardenability Data for Steels. .......................................... 134
12 Hardness Conversion Tables ............................
Table 12.1 Approximate equivalent hardness numbers for nonaustenitic
steels (Rockwell C hardness range)
Table 12.2 Approximate equivalent h
steels (Rockwell B hardness range) ..... .........
Table 12.3 Approximate equivalent hardnes
steel sheet (Rockwell C hardness range) ................................ 146
Table 12.4 Approximate equivalent hardness numbers for austenitic stainless
steel sheet (Rockwell B hardness range) ................................ 147
Table 12.5 Approximate Brinell-Rockwell B hardness numbers for equivalent
austenitic stainless steel plate in the annealed condition .................... 148
Table 12.6 Approximate equivalent hardness numbers of alloyed white irons ....1 49
Table 12.7 Approximate equivalent hardness numbers for wrought
aluminum products. ....
Table 12.8 Approximate eq
coppers (>99% Cu, alloys C10200 through C1 .............
Table 12.9 Approximate equivalent hardness numbers for cartridge brass
(70% Cu, 30% Zn) .......................
Table 12.10 Approximate equivalent hardness nu
and high-nickel alloy ....... ........................ 154
13 Corrosion Data ..............
Table 13.1 Relationships among some of the units commonly used for
corrosion rates .................................................... 156
Table 13.2 Corrosion rate calculation (from mass loss) ....
Table 13.3 Reference potentials and conversion factors. ...
Table 13.4 Electromotive force (emf) series. .............................. 158
Table 13.5 Tabular version (no specific potential values given) of the galvanic
series in seawater at 25 "C (77 ....................
OF).
Table 13.6 Chemical resistance of cast iron to various environ
Table 13.7 Corrosion resistance of carbon steel to various environments ........ 164
Table 13.8 Corrosion of structural steels in various atmospheric environments
Table 13.9 Relative corrosion resistance of standard (AISI) stainless steels ...... 167
Table 13.10 Relative corrosion resistance of standard stainless steel grades
for different environments ........................................... 168
Table 13.1 1 Relative ratings of resistance to general corrosion and to SCC of
.................1 70
.......................... 171
Table 13.14 Weathering data for n.) thick aluminum alloy
corrosive media .........
ix
14 Coefficients of Friction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Table 14.1 Friction coefficient data for metals sliding on metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Table 14.2 Friction coefficient data for ceramics sliding on various materials . . . . 192
Table 14.3 Friction coefficient data for polymers sliding on various materials . . . . 193
Table 14.4 Friction coefficient data for coatings sliding on various materials. . . . . 195
Table 14.5 Friction coefficient data for miscellaneous materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200
............ .202
Table 16.4 Alphabetical listing of co
17 Sheet Metal and Wire Gages . . . . . . . . ....................... 11
Table 17.1 Sheet metal gage thickness ....................... 11
Table 17.2 Wire gage diameter conversions. . . . . . . . . . . . .
18 Pipe Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................... 213
Table 18.1 Dimensions of welded and seamless pipe manufactured in
the United States ..................................... 213
Table 18.2 Dimens nd seamless pipe manufactured in
the United States ................................... 214
19 Glossary of Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215
Table 19.1 Common abbreviations, acronyms, and symbols found in the
materials science literature. .. . . . . .. . . . . .215
Table 19.2 Mathematical sign .............2 28
Table 19.3 Greek alphabet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228
20 Directory of Standards Organ s.. . . . . . . . . . ,229
Table 20.1 Technical associations and standards organizations located
in North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .229
, ,
Table 20.2 Selected international standards organizations arranged
according to country/region of origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232
21 Bibliography of Selected References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .238
X
Symbols for the Elements
1
and the Periodic Table
Table 1.1 Symbols and atomic numbers for the chemical elements
Atomic Atomic Atomic
Name Symbol No. Name Symbol No . Name Symbol No.
Actinium ....... Ac 89 Hafnium ....... Hf 72 Praseodymium ... Pr 59
Aluminum ...... Al 13 Hahnium ....... Ha 105 61
Americium ..... Am 95 Helium ........ He 2 91
Antimony ...... Sb 51 Holmium ...... Ho 67 Radium ....... Ra 88
Argon ........ Ar 18 Hydrogen ...... H 1 Radon ........ Rn 86
Arsenic ........ As 33 lndium ........ In 49 Rhenium ....... Re 75
Astatine At 85 Iodine . I 53 Rhodium Rh 45
Barium ........ Ba 56 Iridium ........ Ir 77 Rubidium ...... Rb 37
Berkelium ...... Bk 97 Iron .......... Fe 26 Ruthenium ...... Ru 44
Beryllium ...... Be 4 Krypton ....... Kr 36 Rutherfordium ... Rf 104
Bismuth Bi 83 57 62
Boron ........ B 5 103 21
Bromine ....... Br 35 Lead ......... Pb 82 Selenium. ...... Se 34
Cadmium ...... Cd 48 Lithium ....... Li 3 Silicon ........ Si 14
Calcium .... Ca 20 Lutetium ....... Lu 71 47
Californium . . Cf 98 Magnesium ..... Mg 12 11
Carbon ........ C 6 Manganese ..... Mn 25 38
Cerium ........ Ce 58 Mendelevium .... Md 101 Sulfur ........ S 16
Cesium ........ cs 55 Mercury ....... Hg 80 Tantalum ....... Ta 73
Chlorine ....... CI 17 Molybdenum .... Mo 42 Technetium ..... Tc 43
Chromium ...... Cr 24 60 52
Cobalt ........ co 27 Neon ...... 10 65
Copper ........ cu 29 Neptunium ..... Np 93 Thallium ....... TI 81
Curium ........ Cm 96 28 90
Dysprosium ..... DY 66 Niobium ....... Nb 41 Thulium ....... Tm 69
Einsteinium ..... Es 99 Nitrogen ....... N 7 Tin .......... Sn 50
Erbium ... Er 68 102 22
Europium ...... Eu 63 76 74
Fermium ....... Fm 100 Oxygen ....... 0 8 Uranium ....... U 92
Fluorine ....... F 9 Palladium ...... Pd 46 Vanadium ...... V 23
Fr 87 15 54
Gadolinium ..... Gd 64 78 Ytterbium ...... Yb 70
Ga 31 Plutonium ...... Pu 94 Yttrium ....... Y 39
Ge 32 Polonium . Po 84 Zinc ......... Zn 30
Gold ......... Au 79 Potassium . K 19 Zirconium ...... Zr 40
Note: Elements 106 and 107 have been reported. but no official names or symbols have yet been assigned
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Fig. 1.1 Periodic table of the elements. Numbers in parentheses are mass numbers of the most stable isotope of that element. (continued)