Concise Illustrated Dictionary of Biocontrol Terms PDF
Preview Concise Illustrated Dictionary of Biocontrol Terms
Concise Illustrated Dictionary of Biocontrol Terms Minute parasitic wasp commonly used for biocontrol of many insect pest eggs Photo by permission of Tomas Cabello, University of Almeria, Spain Concise Illustrated Dictionary of Biocontrol Terms Vladimir V. Gouli University of Vermont, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Burlington, VT, USA Svetlana Y. Gouli University of Vermont, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Burlington, VT, USA José A. P. Marcelino CE3C, Department of Biology, University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada, Azores, Portugal AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 125, London Wall, EC2Y 5AS. 525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. 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To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. ISBN: 978-0-12-804403-2 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. For Information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at http://store.elsevier.com/ Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India www.adi-mps.com Printed and bound in the United States of America PREFACE The history of human society is one facilitates comprehension, and clarifies con- of struggle for existence. Numerous text. This is particularly relevant in biologi- threats to the health and economy cal control due to the broad interest of this of societies coexist with humans. In the last field within the general public, who may have decades, amidst emerging fields of science, difficulty understanding the terms used by the biological control of pests and pathogens experts in the field. The present concise dic- has rapidly expanded as an urgent answer to tionary includes basic terminology related to mitigate the negative impacts of uncontrolled the biological control of pests and pathogens, chemical pesticide use, such as collateral together with state-of-the-art scientific and effects on nontarget organisms, the disruption practical terms, for an expedient comprehen- of natural communities, and the chronic effects sion and analysis of present, forecasted, or on humans and ecosystems due to exposure to in situ pest and pathogen management prob- these pesticides. We can all identify negative lems. In addition, it also provides the names of impacts of the use of chemical pesticides. At target pests and pathogens of the most com- present time, alternative biological control of mon pesticides and mycopesticides, as a use- pests and pathogens using living organisms is ful tool for prompt management actions. The an independent branch of science based on dictionary is illustrated with original pictures an holistic approach to multiple disciplines clarifying the most commonly used terms and including general biology, zoology, entomol- organisms in biological control. We attempted ogy, phytopathology, and microbiology. As a to be both scientifically rigorous and clear in result, the field of biological control has its this work—a compromise that hopefully will own specific terminology. Understanding the make this science accessible for many, and of terms of a given science mitigates concerns, particular interest for some. agricultural crops. Manufactured by Agro A Bio-Tech Research Centre Limited, India. A ABTEC Hirsutella trademark for mycoinsecticide based on the fungus Hirsutella thompsonii for control of coconut eriophyid mites, Aceria guerreronis and other mites on vegetables and fruit crops. Manufactured by Agro Bio-Tech Research Centre Limited, India. ABTEC Paecilomyces trademark for mycoinsecticide based on the fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus for control of several root parasitizing nematodes including root knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp. of Abamectin microbial insecticide based jasmine, potato, chillies, bhindi, cowpea, on the biological activity of secondary cucurbits, rice cyst nematode (Heterodera metabolites of the soil actinomycete, oryzae), and others. Manufactured by Agro Streptomyces avermitilis. Recommended for Bio-Tech Research Centre Limited, India. control of different arthropod pests. ABTEC Pseudo trademark for microbial ABB-3 trademark for biological insecticide pesticide based on the bacterium based on the baculovirus of the Hyphantria Pseudomonas fluorescens for control of cunea (Lepidoptera; Lymantriidae); quick wilt of black pepper, Phytophthora registered in Moldova for control of capsici, foot rot of betel vine, Phytophthora webworm (H. cunea). parasitica, soft rot of ginger, Pythium sp., Abietiv trademark for biological and other diseases of crops. Manufactured insecticide based on Neodiprion abietis by Agro Bio-Tech Research Centre Limited, nucleopolyhedrovirus for control of balsam India. fir sawfly larvae. Manufactured by the ABTEC Tricho trademark for mycopesticide Canadian Forest Service, Canada. based on antagonistic fungi Trichoderma spp.; Abscisic acid plant growth regulator used for control of quick wilt of black pepper, capable of inhibiting seed germination; it can Phytophthora capsici, foot rot of betel vine, be applied for the management of weeds. Phytophthora parasitica, soft rot of ginger, ABTEC trademark for biological insecticide Pythium sp., and other diseases of crops. based on the entomopathogenic fungus Manufactured by Agro Bio-Tech Research Metarhizium anisopliae as active ingredient; Centre Limited, India. registered in India for control of insects. ABTEC Verticillium trademark for ABTEC Bacillus trademark for microbial mycoinsecticide based on the fungus pesticide based on the bacterium Bacillus Verticillium (=Lecanicillium) lecanii for subtilis for control of different bacterial and control of aphids, scales, whiteflies, thrips, fungal plant diseases on cardamom, pepper, red spider mites (Tetranychus urtica), vanilla, vegetables, mulberry, coffee, tea, nematodes, and other pests on different cotton, grape, ornamentals. Manufactured agricultural crops. Manufactured by Agro by Agro Bio-Tech Research Centre Limited, Bio-Tech Research Centre Limited, India. India. Acanthocephala a phylum of parasitic ABTEC Beauveria trademark worms that have a complex life cycle, for mycoinsecticide based on the involving a number of hosts, including entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria numerous noxious arthropods. bassiana for control of insects related to the Acarina order of mites and ticks which orders Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, include many predatory and parasitic species Hymenoptera, and Diptera on different used in biological pest control. Concise Illustrated Dictionary of Biocontrol Terms. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-804403-2.00001-8 Copyright © 22001156 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2 A Acariphage an organism, usually Aconitum spp. genus of plants A invertebrate, feeding on mites. (Ranunculaceae). Water extracts from Acariformes order of mites comprising several species in the genus, including parasitic and predatory species; some of A. chinese, A. ferox, A. japonicum, which with the potential to regulate insect A. napellus (Figure 1), are used in Asia pest populations. for control of insect pests such as the red Acaricide chemical or biological pumpkin beetle, Aulacophora forveicollis, formulation used to control mites. wheat aphid, Aphis maidis, mustard fly, Accessory feeding see Additional feeding. Athalia lugens proxima, rice brown hopper, Acclimatization adaptation of an animal or Nilaparvata lugens, and others. a plant to changes in climate or environment; Actidion antibiotic based on Streptomyces adaptation of a living organism to a new griseus; used for control of mildew and other territory, when introduced for the control of plant fungal diseases. alien pests. Actino-iron trademark for microbial Accidental, alternative or factitious fungicides based on the bacterium hosts a host species which the parasite Streptomyces lydicus; used for biocontrol or parasitoid does not use in nature for its of different phytopathogenic fungi in the development but it is used in the case of genera Armillaria, Fusarium, Phytophthora, reared host species for biocontrol programs. Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Sclerotinia, For example Trichogramma spp. are reared Verticillium, on ornamental plants. in the Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga Manufactured by Natural Industries Inc., cerealella, which is not a usual host for this USA. parasitic fungus in nature. Actinomyces various filamentous Accumulated dose total dose of aerobic microorganisms in the order pathogenic microorganism to which a pest is Actinomycetalis; some species are used subjected after repeated applications. for production of antibiotics and others Accumulative pesticides chemicals biological activity substances. that tend to build up in animals or the environment. Aceria malherbe bindweed gall mite (Prostigmata: Eriophyidae), native to Europe and Northern Africa, introduced into the southern part of the United States for control of the invasive field bindweed, Convolvulus arvensis. Acetamiprid (Assail 7) systemic nicotinoid insecticide for control of aphids, thrips and other insects. Aceratoneuromyia indica eulophid parasitoid (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) of different fruit fly species, with economic impact in fruit production. The parasitoid has been introduced from the Indo-Pacific region to Australia, Europe, South America (1990s), and other regions. Acholeplasma genus of wall-less bacteria in the Mollicutes class; found in insects and plants. Achromobacter album bacterium used as Figure 1 Monkshood, Aconitum napellus L. herbicide in Ukraine for inhibiting sprouting Photo by permission of The Dow Gardens in weeds. Archive, Dow Gardens. A 3 Actinomyces lavendulae fungus in the Activity unit a precisely defined A family Actinomycetaceae; used to produce standard of measure for the activity of the antibiotic phytobacteriomycin with a substance or product (such as a toxin toxicity toward mosquito larvae. or a virus preparation). Multiples of this Actinomyces streptomycini fungus in the standard unit are used for measuring the family Actinomycetaceae; used to produce activity titer (potency) of that substance the antibiotic streptomycin and actidion; or product. Activity units are usually having repellent properties toward rodents. determined by national or international Actinosporangium albidum fungus in scientific consortiums and legislations, and the family Streptosporangiaceae; used to are accepted by consent as a premise for produce the antibiotic actinosporangin; comparison (see Activity standardization). having repellent effect against rodents. Actofit trademark for microbial insecticide Actinovate SP trademark for microbial based on the bacterium Streptomyces fungicide based on the bacterium avermitilis; registered in Ukraine for control Streptomyces lydicus, strain WYCD108; of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa used for control of soil-born plant diseases decemlineata (Figure 2), red spider mites, caused by fungi in the genera Fusarium, Tetranychus urtica, and other noxious Phytophthora, Pythium, Rhizoctonia, arthropods. Sclerotinia, Verticillium, and others, on Actual dosage the amount of an active different agricultural crops. Manufactured ingredient that is applied to an area to by Natural Industries Inc, USA. achieve a target effect on a pest. Activation of infection trigger the Adalia bipunctata (two-spot ladybird) infection process using special stress-factors. a widely distributed ladybeetle feeding Active ingredient principal component in on a wide range of prey and used a biological or chemical pesticide against numerous aphid pests in crops responsible for the desired effects on the and ornamental plants. Reared and target pest. commercialized by Biobest, Syngenta Activity of entomophagous species: Bioline, and Bioplanet. flight activity of some insects used as an Adaptation changes in the physiology or important parameter when implementing morphology of a given species over many biological pest control programs; generations by a process of natural or daily regular manifestation of activity artificial selection. each day. seasonal manifestation of activity in a particular time of the year; Activity standardization a process by which the activity of a microbial preparation is measured in standard units, that is, units accepted, by consensus, as a basis for comparison. Standardization can be limited, within one or a few laboratories, or it can extend nationally and internationally, such as in Bacillus thuringiensis preparations (see Activity unit). Activity titer the amount of activity (e.g., insecticidal activity) per unit weight or volume of a product (such as a virus preparation). The activity titer is measured by determining the amount of product Figure 2 Adult Colorado potato beetle. needed to obtain a specific response in a host Photo by permission of Eugene E. Nelson, (see Bioassay, activity unit). Bugwood.org. 4 A Additive any substance added to a pesticide control of the summer fruit tortrix moth, A for improving its technological properties. Adoxophyes orana. Additive effect cooperative action between Adulticide insecticide intended for the two pathogens or agents of disease, such that control of sexually mature invertebrate pests. the total impact is equal to the sum of the Aerobes microorganisms whose growth effects of the agents taken independently. requires the presence of air or free oxygen. Additional feeding feeding of arthropods Aerosol fine suspension of particles or in the period of sexual maturity; additional liquid droplets aiming to be sprayed into feeding of entomophagous species increases surrounding areas; used for application of their efficacy; for example, local cultivation microbial pesticides. of nectarous plants enhances the activity of Aetiological agent pathogen responsible parasitic hymenopteran insects. for a disease; also referred to as the causal Adeline genus of parasitic protozoa from agent. the sub-class Coccidia; some species are Aetiology study of the causes of disease; parasitic on insects. Typical representative of also referred to as etiology of disease. this genus is Adelina tribolii which develops AF36 trademark for the atoxigenic strain of in the fat body of beetles in the genus the fungus Aspergillus flavus, strain AF36; Tribolium (Figure 3). registered in the United States as biological Adelphoparasitism see Autoparasitism. control by competitive exclusion of aflotoxin- Adenophorea class of nematodes producing strains of A. flavus. containing important insect-parasitic species. Afla-guard trademark for the atoxigenic Adephaga one of four suborders of beetles, strain of the fungus Aspergillus flavus, strain comprising families with predatory behavior, NRRL 21882; registered in the United such as ground beetles (Carabidae) and tiger States as biological control by competitive beetles (Cicindelidae). exclusion of aflotoxin-producing strains of Adhesive any material added to a microbial A. flavus. pesticide to improve adhesion properties of Aflatoxins group of toxins produced by the active ingredients. fungi in the genus Aspergillus; some of Adjuvant substance used to increase the them toxic to the larvae of insect including efficacy of a biological or chemical pesticide tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens; corn by its capability to enhance properties such earworm, Helicoverpa zea; fall armyworm, as retention and penetration. Spodoptera frugiperda; cotton leafworm, Adoxophyes orana granulovirus viral S. littoralis; European corn borer, Ostrinia insecticidal formulation used for the nubilalis, and some others. Agamermis spp. genus of nematodes parasitic on different species of invertebrate animals. Some species attack economically important insect pests. A typical example is the nematode Agamermis decaudata (Figure 4). Mature males and females live in the soil where eggs were previously deposited. Upon hatching, the young larvae migrate on grass during the wet season and actively penetrate into an insect they fing on their path. The parasite can develop for several years, initially in the host’s body. Agamermis causes insect weakness and mortality. Ageniaspis pelleranoi Neotropical Figure 3 Red flour beetle adult, Tribolium parasitoid (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) of fruit castaneum. Photo by permission of Clemson flies; the species is important as a biological University, USDA Cooperative Extension control factor of the Mediterranean fruit fly Slide Series. leaf miner Cerasius capitata. A 5 Agapta zoegana Eurasian sulfur knapweed Agar solidifying polysaccharide obtained A moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (Figure 5), from red algae in the genus Rhodophyta introduced to the western and west- and used in artificial nutrient media for central United States for control of spotted the cultivation and support of different knapweed, Centaurea maculosa, and diffuse heterotrophic microorganisms, including knapweed, Centaurea diffusa. species used for control of pests. Agarosa component of agar usually used in molecular biology for the separation of large molecules of DNA in the identification of species and other purposes. Agasicles hygrophila South American phytophagous beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (Figure 6), introduced into the United States (1964), Canada, China (1990s), and other countries for control of the alien aquatic plant Altemanthera philoxeroides, known as alligatorweed. Agat trademark for fungicide based on the bacterium, Pseudomonas aureofaciens; used for control of different fungal plant Figure 4 Agamermis decaudata nematode diseases on numerous agricultural crops. emerging from beetle host. Photo by Gouli Manufacturer by BioBizz located in Russia. et al. present work. Ageniaspis citricola parasitoid wasp (Figure 7) successfully used to control the citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella. Age-specific mortality rate mortality rate for a specified age group, in which the mortality rate estimate, that is, numerator (number of deaths) and the denominator (number at individuals at risk), refers to the same age group. Aggregation agglomeration of cells or individuals by unit of space. Figure 5 Adult of Eurasian sulfur knap weed moth (above); larva of moth inside of twig (below). Above Photo by permission Figure 6 South American phytophagous of Jim Story, Montana State University, beetle feeding on alligatorweed. Photo by Bugwood.org. Below Photo by permission of permission of Gary Buckingham, USDA USDA Agricultural Research Service Archive. Agricultural Research Service.
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