Conceptual Integrated Science

1012 Pages·2012·107.243 MB·English

by  Paul G. Hewitt, Suzanne A Lyons, John A. Suchocki, Jennifer Yeh

T
his best-selling introduction to the
physical and life sciences emphasizes
A Conceptual Approach concepts over computation. It treats equations as
guides to thinking so the reader can connect ideas
to Integrated Science— across the sciences. This text covers physics,
chemistry, earth science, astronomy, and biology
at a level appropriate for non-science students. This
Now with MasteringPhysics®!
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Hallmark Strengths of the Book
Integrated Science 18A ▶
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY Explain how water moves up from Learning Objectives
a plant’s roots to its shoots.
A new Learning Objective has been
Moving Water Up a Tree
added to each section to help students
EXPLAIN THIS How can a plant get water by losing water? focus on the most important concepts
The tallest trees are as tall as 30-story skyscrapers. Their highest branches UNIFYING CONCEPT in each chapter. Instructors using
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points? Let’s take a look. that is associated with these book-
In a plant, there are continuous columns of water molecules extending all the (cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:191)(cid:70)(cid:3)(cid:47)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)(cid:50)(cid:69)(cid:77)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:17)
way through the xylem—from the leaves to the roots. These water molecules stick
to one another and to the walls of the xylem. The attachment of water molecules
toot hoetrh mero wleactuelre sm, soulecchu aless t hiso csea lolefd t hceo hxeyslieomn; wthael l,a tist accahllmede natd ohfe swioant.e Br omthol eccouhleessi otno ▶ Integrated Science (IS) Sections
and adhesion are the result of hydrogen bonds, which form when the positively These sections are found in every chapter
charged end of one molecule sticks to the negatively charged end of another mol-
and show how the foundational ideas
ecule. (Figure 12.30 in Chapter 12 shows cohesion in water molecules.)
Cohesion and adhesion maintain the continuous columns of water molecules in (cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:83)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:3)(cid:191)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:83)(cid:83)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:3)
the xylem. But how do these columns of water move up the plant? The process starts across the different sciences. End-of-
at the leaves, when a plant loses water through transpiration. Transpiration occurs
when water evaporates from the moist cells inside a leaf and diffuses through the chapter questions are associated with
stomata to the outside air. As water is lost from the leaves, a tension is transferred all most IS sections.
the way down the water column; water molecules in the leaf pull on water molecules
in the nearby xylem, which pull on water molecules farther down the xylem, and so
on all the way down to the roots. Transpiration pulls water up the xylem almost the
way sucking on a straw pulls water up the straw. This mechanism of moving water
up a plant is called the transpFiratioPn-coheOsion-tensio n mlechoanism (Friguree 18.2s0).
FIGURE 18.20
The transpiration-cohesion-tension
TRANSPIRATION mechanism describes how plants
Water is lost from the move water from their roots to their Unifying Concepts Icons
stomata of leaves. shoots.
These marginal features highlight
and cross reference a unifying
COHESION
Water molecules stick to each concept developed in another
other and to the walls of the part of the book.
xylem, forming continous water
columns through the xylem
from leaves to roots. NEW! Readiness Assurance Test
TENSION A Readiness Assurance Test (RAT) has
The loss of water molecules been added to the end of each chapter.
from the leaves creates a
tension that is transferred down The RAT is a set of multiple-choice
the water column. As a result,
questions designed to help students
water is pulled up the xylem.
assess their understanding of the
material in that chapter.
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Second Edition! individualized coaching, focus on your course
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T
Outstanding Content he Mastering system provides
tutorials and coaching activities
Accompanied by covering content relevant to the
integrated science course and motivates
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Unparalleled Tutoring
and arrive prepared for lecture.
Video Activities
▶
Video Activities ask students
to answer multiple-choice
questions based on the content
of Paul Hewitt’s popular
classroom demonstrations.
Hint
Feedback and hints coach
students back onto
the right track, emulating
how an instructor works
with students during an
Feedback (cid:82)(cid:73)(cid:191)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:16)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:3)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:17)
Interactive Figure Activities
▶
▶
Interactive Figure Activities
help students master important
topics by interacting with key
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(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:73)(cid:72)(cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:43)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:191)(cid:70)(cid:3)(cid:90)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:3)
answer feedback help guide
students toward understanding
(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:191)(cid:70)(cid:3)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:83)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:17)(cid:3)
S
urvey data show that the
immediate feedback and tutorial
assistance in MasteringPhysics
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Tutorials
▶
Assignable, in-depth tutorials guide
students through the toughest topics
with individualized coaching. These
self-paced tutorials coach students
(cid:90)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:3)(cid:75)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:86)(cid:3)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:3)(cid:73)(cid:72)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:69)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:78)(cid:3)(cid:86)(cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:70)(cid:76)(cid:191)(cid:70)(cid:3)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:3)
individual misconceptions. Tutorials
respond to a wide variety of typical
wrong answers that students might
enter at any step.
Coaching Activity
▶
Coaching Activities
have students interact
with content, and
available hints and/or
feedback promote
comprehension of
the concepts.
T
he Mastering platform was developed by scientists
for science students and instructors, and has a proven
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Student Results
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Learning Outcomes
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A learning objective has been added
to each section of the text to help the
students focus on the most important
concepts in each chapter. These learning
outcomes are associated with content in
MasteringPhysics®, allowing the work
of tracking student performance against
course learning outcomes to be done
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Gradebook
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vulnerable students and
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Gradebook Diagnostics
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screen allows you to quickly
and easily identify vulnerable
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and your students’ most
common misconceptions.
MasteringPhysics.
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Paul G. Hewitt
City College of San Francisco
Suzanne Lyons
California State University, Sacramento
John Suchocki
Saint Michael’s College
Jennifer Yeh
University of California, San Francisco
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Hewitt, Paul G.
Conceptual integrated science / Paul G. Hewitt, City College of San Francisco, Suzanne Lyons, California
State University, Sacramento, John Suchocki, Saint Michael’s College, Jennifer Yeh, University of California,
San Francisco. -- Second edition.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-0-321-81850-8 (student edition) -- ISBN 978-0-321-82745-6 (exam copy) --
ISBN 978-0-13-310526-1 (NASTA)
1. Interdisciplinary approach to knowledge. 2. Science--Philosophy. 3. Science--History. I. Title.
Q175.32.K45C66 2012
500--dc23
2012028366
ISBN 10: 0-321-81850-4; ISBN 13: 978-0-321-81850-8 (Student Edition)
ISBN 10: 0-321-82745-7; ISBN 13: 978-0-321-82745-6 (Exam Copy)
ISBN 10: 0-321-82287-0; ISBN 13: 978-0-321-82287-1 (Books a la Carte Edition)
www.pearsonhighered.com 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10—RRD—16 15 14 13 12
This book is dedicated to inquiring minds devoted to
protecting this beautiful planet we call home.
Brief Contents
1 About Science 1 PART FOUR
Earth Science 643
PART ONE
Physics 17
22 Plate Tectonics 644
23 Rocks and Minerals 672
2 Describing Motion 18
24 Earth’s Surface—Land and Water 702
3 Newton’s Laws of Motion 44
25 Surface Processes 729
4 Momentum and Energy 69
26 Weather 755
5 Gravity 95
27 Environmental Geology 787
6 Heat 121
7 Electricity and Magnetism 147 PART FIVE
8 Waves—Sound and Light 178 Astronomy 819
PART TWO
28 The Solar System 820
Chemistry 213
29 The Universe 854
9 Atoms and the Periodic Table 214 APPENDIXA:
10 The Atomic Nucleus and Radioactivity 243 On Measurement and Unit Conversion A-1
11 Investigating Matter 272 APPENDIX B:
Linear and Rotational Motion A-5
12 Chemical Bonds and Mixtures 297
13 Chemical Reactions 336 APPENDIX C:
14 Organic Compounds 376 More on Vectors A-11
APPENDIXD:
PART THREE Exponential Growth and Doubling Time A-12
Biology 409
APPENDIXE:
Physics of Fluids A-17
15 The Basic Unit of Life—The Cell 410
APPENDIXF:
16 Genetics 445 Chemical Equilibrium A-23
17 The Evolution of Life 482
ODD-NUMBEREDSOLUTIONS S-1
18 Diversity of Life on Earth 516
GLOSSARY G-1
19 Human Biology I—Control
CREDITS C-1
and Development 548
INDEX I-1
20 Human Biology II—Care and
Maintenance 580
21 Ecology 608
Detailed Contents
1 About Science 1 2.10 Acceleration 35
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 2BBIOLOGY
1.1 A Brief History of Advances in Science 2 Hang Time 37
1.2 Mathematics and Conceptual
3 Newton’s Laws of Motion 44
Integrated Science 3
1.3 The Scientific Method—A Classic Tool 3
3.1 Newton’s First Law of Motion 45
1.4 The Scientific Hypothesis 5
3.2 Newton’s Second Law of Motion 45
1.5 The Scientific Experiment 6 INTEGRATED SCIENCE 3ABIOLOGY
Gliding 51
1.6 Facts, Theories, and Laws 7
3.3 Forces and Interactions 53
1.7 Science Has Limitations 8
3.4 Newton’s Third Law of Motion 54
1.8 Science, Art, and Religion 9
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 3BBIOLOGY
1.9 Technology—The Practical Use of Science 10 Animal Locomotion 58
1.10 The Natural Sciences: Physics, Chemistry, 3.5 Vectors 60
Biology, Earth Science, and Astronomy 11
3.6 Summary of Newton’s Three Laws 61
1.11 Integrated Science 11
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 1ACHEMISTRY
4 Momentum and Energy 69
AND BIOLOGY
An Investigation of Sea Butterflies 12
4.1 Momentum 70
4.2 Impulse 70
4.3 Impulse–Momentum Relationship 71
PART ONE
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 4ABIOLOGY
Physics 17 The Impulse–Momentum Relationship in Sports 72
4.4 Conservation of Momentum 74
4.5 Energy 76
2 Describing Motion 18 4.6 Power 78
4.7 Potential Energy 78
2.1 Aristotle on Motion 19
4.8 Kinetic Energy 80
2.2 Galileo’s Concept of Inertia 19
4.9 The Work–Energy Theorem 81
2.3 Mass—A Measure of Inertia 22
4.10 Conservation of Energy 84
2.4 Net Force 24
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 4BBIOLOGY
2.5 The Equilibrium Rule 25 AND CHEMISTRY
Glucose: Energy for Life 85
2.6 The Support Force 26
4.11 Machines 86
2.7 Equilibrium of Moving Things 29
2.8 The Force of Friction 30
5 Gravity 95
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 2ABIOLOGY,ASTRONOMY,
CHEMISTRY, AND EARTH SCIENCE
Friction Is Universal 31 5.1 The Legend of the Falling Apple 96
2.9 Speed and Velocity 32 5.2 The Fact of the Falling Moon 96