Conceptual Foundations The Bridge to Professional Nursing Practice SIXTH EDITION Elizabeth E. Friberg, DNP, RN Associate Professor, University of Virginia School of Nursing, Charlottesville, Virginia Joan L. Creasia, PhD, RN Dean and Professor Emerita, College of Nursing, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 2 Table of Contents Cover image Title page Copyright Contributors Reviewers Preface Dedication Part I. Context of Professional Nursing Practice Chapter 1. A Brief History of Professional Nursing in the United States Introduction Nursing in Institutions of Higher Education Rise of Advanced Practice Nursing in Clinical Settings Summary Salient Points Chapter 2. Pathways of Nursing Education Introduction History of Nursing Education in the United States Considerations in Selecting a Nursing Education Program Observations and Analysis Impact of studies of the profession Looking Toward the Future Summary Salient Points Chapter 3. Beyond Professional Socialization Introduction Looking Back Moving Forward 3 The Now Future State of Being Transformation Nurse as Innovation Catalyst Nurse as Interprofessional Collaborator Nurse as Expert Learner, Knowledge Worker, and Agent of Inquiry Nurse as Assimilator and Reflective Practitioner Nurse as Engaged Stakeholder and Voice for Action Summary Salient Points Chapter 4. Professional Nursing Roles Introduction Nursing Roles, Functions, and Characteristics Professional Practice Roles Role Dynamics Summary Salient Points Chapter 5. Theories and Frameworks for Professional Nursing Practice Introduction Terminology Associated with Nursing Theory Overview of Selected Nursing Theories Grand Theory Midrange Theory Practice Theory Practice Theory Characteristics Application to Nursing Practice Summary Salient Points Chapter 6. Health Policy and Planning and the Nursing Practice Environment Introduction Politics Budget Process Health Programs Leadership Nursing Health Policies Nursing and Health Policy Nurse Participation in Health Policy Health Care Reform 2010—2014 Summary 4 Salient Points Part II. Dimensions of Professional Nursing Practice Chapter 7. Economic Issues in Nursing and Health Care Introduction Health Economics Economic Concepts Specific to the Nursing Profession Economic Concepts for Advocacy and Professional Practice Trends in Health Care Costs The Increasing Burden of Health Insurance Costs Health System Reform: Emerging Models, Trends, and the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 2010 Highlights of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 2010 Accountable Care Organizations Health Insurance Marketplace Medicaid Expansion and the Supreme Court Decision of June 2012 Hospital Value-Based Purchasing Summary Salient Points Chapter 8. Effective Communication Introduction Intrapersonal Communication Interpersonal Communication Organizational Communication Group Process Summary Salient Points Chapter 9. Think Like a Nurse: Essential Thinking Skills for Professional Nurses Introduction What is Critical Thinking? Intellectual Traits of Critical Thinkers Strategies to Build Critical Thinking Skills Clinical Reasoning Clinical Judgment The Nursing Process Critical Thinking, Clinical Reasoning, Clinical Judgment, and The Nursing Process: Putting it all Together in Nursing Practice Application of Tanner’s Four-Step Clinical Judgment Model and Critical Thinking to a Clinical Situation Summary Salient Points Chapter 10. Teaching and Learning in the 21st Century 5 Introduction Teaching and Learning Theories Teaching and Learning Principles Characteristics of Effective Teachers Characteristics of Effective Learners Creating Effective Teaching-Learning Plans Future Trends in Teaching and Learning Summary Salient Points Chapter 11. Legal Aspects of Nursing Practice Introduction Administrative Law in Nursing Nursing and Employment Law Tort Law in Nursing Criminalization of Unintentional Error Summary Salient Points Chapter 12. Ethical Dimensions of Nursing and Health Care Introduction To Begin: What is Ethics? Ethical Theory A Brief History of Nursing Ethics Nursing Ethics in Practice: Four Levels Summary Salient Points Chapter 13. Information Management Introduction Information Management Information Literacy Evidence-Based Practice Consumer Health Information Summary Salient Points Chapter 14. Diversity in Health and Illness Introduction Values that Shape Health Care and Nursing Nursing’s Challenge Decreasing Biases 6 “Color Blind” and Other Oxymorons Individual Versus Group Identity Care Barriers and Resources Summary Salient Points Part III. Themes in Professional Nursing Practice Chapter 15. Health and Health Promotion Introduction Concept of Health Evolving Conceptions of Health Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Modification of Health Attitudes and Behaviors Evidence-Based Interventions to Promote Behavior Change Environmental Factors that Affect Wellness National Health Promotion Goals Community Health Promotion Summary Salient Points Chapter 16. Genetics and Genomics in Professional Nursing Introduction: Why Genetics and Genomics? Essentials of Genetic and Genomic Nursing Applying Genetics and Genomics in Nursing Practice Tomorrow’s Genetics and Genomics: Personalized Medicine Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing Ethical Issues in Genetics and Genomics Summary Salient Points Chapter 17. Global Rural Nursing Practice Introduction Definition of Rural Global Rural Nursing Practice Social Determinants of Health Access to Health Care Implications for Nursing Practice Summary Salient Points Chapter 18. Violence Against Women: An Epidemic and a Health Issue Introduction 7 Background on Violence Against Women Health Effect of Violence Against Women Impact of Intimate Partner Violence or Domestic Violence on Children Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence and Sexual Violence Opportunities in the Health Care System Assessment for Intimate Partner Violence After a Positive Screen Addressing Violence Against Women Summary Salient Points Chapter 19. Telehealth Introduction Modes of Telehealth Telehealth Centers Equipment Advantages of Telehealth Technology Use of Telehealth Tele-Education Challenges Nurses’ Role Summary Salient Points Chapter 20. Patient Safety Introduction Regulatory Overview Patient Safety Culture Key Processes Summary Salient Points Index 8 Copyright 3251 Riverport Lane St. Louis, Missouri 63043 CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS: THE BRIDGE TO PROFESSIONAL NURSING PRACTICE, SIXTH EDITION ISBN: 978-0-323-29993-0 Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. 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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Conceptual foundations : the bridge to professional nursing practice / [edited by] Elizabeth E. Friberg, Joan L. Creasia. -- Sixth edition. 9 p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-323-29993-0 (pbk. : alk. paper) I. Friberg, Elizabeth E., editor. II. Creasia, Joan L., editor. [DNLM: 1. Nursing--United States. 2. Nursing Care--United States. WY 16 AA1] RT86.7 610.73--dc23 2014042671 Senior Content Strategist: Sandra Clark Content Development Specialist: Jennifer Wade Publishing Services Manager: Jeff Patterson Senior Project Manager: Tracey Schriefer Design Direction: Amy Buxton Printed in the United States of America Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10