Concepts in Viral Pathogenesis II PDF
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Concepts in Viral Pathogenesis II Concepts in Viral Pathogenesis II Edited by Abner Louis Notkins Michael B.A. Oldstone With 31 Figures Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH AABBNNEERR LLOOUUIISS NNOOTTKKIINNSS,, MM..DD.. LLaabboorraattoorryy ooff OOrraall MMeeddiicciinnee,, NNaattiioonnaall IInnssttiittuuttee ooff DDeennttaall RReesseeaarrcchh,, NNIIHH,, BBeetthheessddaa,, MMaarryyllaanndd 2200889922,, VV..SS..AA.. MMIICCHHAAEELL BB..AA.. OOLLDDSSTTOONNEE,, MM..DD.. DDeeppaarrttmmeenntt ooff IImmmmuunnooppaatthhoollooggyy,, SSccrriippppss CClliinniicc aanndd RReesseeaarrcchh FFoouunnddaattiioonn,, LLaa JJoollllaa,, CCaalliiffoorrnniiaa 9922003377,, VV..SS..AA.. CCoovveell"" pphhoottooggrraapphh:: CCoommppuutteerr ggrraapphhiicc rreepprreesseennttaattiioonn ooff tthhee rreecceennttllyy ssoollvveedd 33--DD ssttrruuccttuurree ooff ppoolliioommyyeelliittiiss vviirruuss aanndd iittss aannttiibbooddyy bbiinnddiinngg ssiitteess.. 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RReepprroodduuccttiioonn oofftthheessee cchhaapptteerrss iinn wwhhoollee oorr iinn ppaarrtt ffoorr aannyy ppuurrppoossee ooff tthhee UUnniitteedd SSttaatteess GGoovveerrnnmmeenntt iiss ppeerrmmiitttteedd.. TTyyppeesseett bbyy DDaavviidd SSeehhaamm AAssssoocciiaatteess,, IInncc..,, MMeettuucchheenn,, NNeeww JJeerrsseeyy.. 99 88 776655 44 33 22 II IISSBBNN 997788--11--44661122--99337755--00 IISSBBNN 997788--11--44661122--44995588--00 ((eeBBooookk)) DDOOII 1100..11000077//997788--11--44661122--44995588--00 Preface The favorable reception of the format and contents of Volume I of Concepts in Viral Pathogenesis encouraged us to prepare Volume II. As indicated in the preface to the first volume, we felt that the current proliferation of sci entific information made it difficult for even the most diligent reader to keep up with the latest developments in his/her own field, let alone other areas of interest. Review articles are one solution, but they, too, have become so voluminous and detailed that they often defeat the very purpose for which they were intended. We attempted to remedy this problem by using a different format. In Volume I, we assembled over fifty mini-reviews/editorials, 1, 000- 2,000 words in length, on research that was at the cutting edge of virology. This format allowed the authors to provide interpretive, up-to-date infor mation in a brief and easily readable form. Emphasis was on current thinking and unifying concepts rather than a compendium of the literature or pre sentation of detailed data. Volume II of Concepts of Viral Pathogenesis em ploys the same format as Volume I. It consists of 49 mini-reviews/editorials, all on entirely different topics than covered in Volume I. As in Volume I, the articles are organized systematically so as to provide a conceptual core of up-to-date information on mechanisms by which viruses cause disease. The book is divided into ten sections. It begins with chapters on viral structure and function, viral constructs, oncogenes, transfection, differen tiation, and the molecular basis of viral tropism. The next section focuses on immune recognition of viruses and new principles in viral immunology and immunopathology. As in the previous volume, there are sections on evolving concepts in viral pathogenesis as illustrated by selected plant and animal models and selected human viral diseases. Principles and important viral-cell interactions are emphasized rather than a detailed description of vi Preface individual viruses. The book concludes with five chapters on new trends in viral diagnosis and epidemiology and ten chapters on vaccines and antriviral therapy. Abner Louis Notkins, M.D. Bethesda, Maryland Michael B.A. Oldstone, M.D. La Jolla, California Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Viral Structure and Function I. The Three-dimensional Structure of Poliovirus: Implications for Virus Evolution, Assembly, and Immune Recognition JAMES M. HOGLE, M. CHOW, and DAVID J. FILMAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. The Three-dimensional Structure of Surface Antigens from Animal Viruses IAN A. WILSON 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3. Using Nucleotide Sequence Determination to Understand Viruses 25 BART G. BARRELL and PAUL J. FARRELL ......................... . 4. Viruses with Ambisense RNA Genomes DAVID H.L. BISHOP 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5. Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Genome and Gene Products PETER L. COLLINS and GAIL W. WERTZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Viral Constructs 6. Bovine Papillomavirus DNA Vectors NAVA SARVER and PETER M. HOWLEY 49 viii Contents 7. Genetic Engineering of Vaccinia Virus Vectors: Development of Live Recombinant Vaccines BERNARD Moss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 8. Viral Enhancer Elements JOHN BRADY, LIONEL FEIGENBAUM, and GEORGE KHOURY 61 Oncogenes, Transfection, and Differentiation 9. Amplification of Proto-oncogenes in Tumorigenesis J. MICHAEL BISHOP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 10. Multistep Scenarios in Tumor Development and the Role of Oncogene Activation by Chromosomal Translocations GEORGE KLEIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 11. Oncogene Activation by Chromosome Translocation PETER C. NoWELL and CARLO M. CROCE ..... .. . ... ... .... ....... 89 12. Oncogenes, Growth Factors, and Receptors STEVEN R. TRONICK and STUART A. AARONSON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 13. Specificity of Viral Gene Controlling Elements in Transgenic Mice HEINER WESTPHAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Viral Tropism and Entry into Cells 14. Isolation of Cellular Receptors for Viruses RICHARD L. CROWELL and K-H. LEE Hsu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 15. Viral Receptors Serving Host Functions MAN SuNG Co, BERNARD N. FIELDS, and MARK I. GREENE .. .. 126 16. Genetics of Retrovirus Tumorigenicity DOUGLAS R. LOWY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 17. Adenovirus Entry into Cells: Some New Observations on an Old Problem IRA PASTAN, PREM SETH, DAVID FITZGERALD, and MARK WILLINGHAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 18. Molecular Anatomy of Viral Infection: Study of Viral Nucleic Acid Sequences and Proteins in Whole Body Sections PETER J. SOUTHERN and MICHAEL B.A. 0LDSTONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Contents ix Immune Recognition of Viruses 19. Mapping Neutralization Domains of Viruses ECKARD WIMMER, EMILIO A. EMINI, and DAVID C. DIAMOND . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 20. CTL Recognition of Transfected H-2 Gene and Viral Gene Products THOMAS J. BRACIALE and VIVIAN L. BRACIALE 174 21. Heterogeneity of CTL Reactive Antigenic Sites on SV4 0 Tumor Antigen SATVIR S. TEVETHIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 22. Virus-specific HLA Class 11-restricted Cytotoxic T Cells STEVEN JACOBSON and WILLIAM E. BIDDISON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 New Principles in Viral Immunology and Immunopathology 23. Molecular Mimicry MICHAEL B.A. 0LDSTONE and ABNER LOUIS NOTKINS . . . . . . . . . . 195 24. Virus-induced Autoimmune Demyelinating Disease of the Central Nervous System RICHARDT. JOHNSON and DIANE E. GRIFFIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Evolving Concepts in Viral Pathogenesis Illustrated by Selected Plant and Animal Models 25. The Enigma of Viroid Pathogenesis T.O. DIENER . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 26. Prions Causing Scrapie and Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease STANLEY B. PRUSINER, RONALD A. BARRY, and MICHAEL P. McKINLEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 27. Interferon-induced Disease ION GRESSER .................................................... " "... 232 28. African Swine Fever Virus ELADIO VINUELA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 29. Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus (TMEV) Infection in Mice as a Model for Multiple Sclerosis HOWARD LIPTON, STEPHEN MILLER, ROGER MELVOLD, and s. ROBERT FUJINAMI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 X Contents Evolving Concepts in Viral Pathogenesis Illustrated by Selected Diseases in Humans 30. Human T Cell Lymphotropic Viruses and Their Family of Diseases L. RATNER and ROBERT C. GALLO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 31. Pathogenesis of Parvovirus-induced Disease in Humans M. J. ANDERSON, J.R. PATTISON, and NEAL S. YOUNG .......... 261 32. Hepatitis B Virus and Cancer MARK A. FEITELSON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 33. Progressive Epstein-Barr Virus Infection WARREN A. ANDIMAN, BENZ. KATZ, and GEORGE MILLER 276 34. Human Papillomaviruses: Why Are Some Types Carcinogenic? HARALD ZUR HAUSEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 New Trends in Diagnosis and Epidemiology 35. Nucleic Acid Probes to Detect Viral Diseases DOUGLAS D. RICHMAN and GEOFFREY M. WAHL ................. 301 36. In Situ Hybridization and Covert Virus Infections ASHLEY T. HAASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 37. Oligonucleotide Fingerprinting in the Investigations of Outbreaks of Viral Disease OLEN KEW and BALDEV NOTTAY ................................... 317 38. Monoclonal Antibodies as Reagents DAVID A. FUCCILLO and JOHN L. SEVER 324 39. Anti-peptide Antibodies: Some Practical Considerations THOMAS M. SHINNICK and RICHARD A. LERNER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 Vaccines and Antiviral Therapy 40. Eradication and Possible Reintroduction of Smallpox FRANK FENNER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 41. Immunogenicity of Vaccine Products and Neutralizing Antibodies ERLING NORRBY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
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