Computing Fundamentals and C Programming

628 Pages·2018·17.443 MB·English

by  E. Balagurusamy

Computing Fundamentals
&
C Programming
Second Edition
AAbboouutt tthhee AAuutthhoorr
E Balagurusamy is presently the Chairman of EBG Foundation, Coimbatore. In the past he held the
positions of member, Union Public Service Commission, New Delhi and Vice-Chancellor, Anna University,
Chennai, Tamil Nadu. He is a teacher, trainer and consultant in the fi elds of Information Technology and
Management. He holds an ME (Hons) in Electrical Engineering and PhD in Systems Engineering from
the Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand. His areas of interest include Object-Oriented
Software Engineering, E-Governance: Technology Management, Business Process Re-engineering and
Total Quality Management.
A prolifi c writer, he has authored a large number of research papers and several books. His best-selling
books, among others include:
∑ Programming in ANSIC, 7/e
∑ Fundamentals of Computers
∑ Programming in C#, 3/e
∑ Programming in Java, 5/e
∑ Object-Oriented Programming with C++, 6/e
∑ Programming in BASIC, 3/e
∑ Numerical Methods
∑ Reliability Engineering
∑ Introduction to Computing & Problem Solving using Python, 1e
A recipient of numerous honour and awards, he has been listed in the Directory of Who’s Who of
Intellectuals and in the Directory of Distinguished Leaders in Education.
Computing Fundamentals
&
C Programming
Second Edition
E. Balagurusamy
Chairman
EBG Foundation
Coimbatore
McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited
CHENNAI
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Computing Fundamentals & C Programming, 2e
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Contents v
CCoonntteennttss
Preface xiii
Visual Walkthrough xv
1. Understanding Fundamentals of the Computer 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Generations of Computers 2
1.3 Classifi cation of Computers 6
1.4 Basic Anatomy of a Computer System 7
1.5 Input Devices 8
1.6 Processor 9
1.7 Output Devices 10
1.8 Memory Management 11
1.9 Types of Computer Software 13
1.10 Overview of Operating System 14
1.11 MS Word 19
1.12 MS Excel System 21
1.13 MS Powerpoint System 22
1.14 Networking Concepts 23
1.15 Network Topologies 26
1.16 Network Protocols and Software 29
Learning Outcomes 31
Key Terms to Remember 32
Review Questions 33
Discussion Questions 42
2. Computing Concepts 45
2.1 Introduction 45
2.2 Decimal System 46
2.3 Binary System 47
2.4 Hexadecimal System 48
2.5 Octal System 49
2.6 Conversion of Numbers 50
2.7 Binary Arithmetic Operations 60
2.8 Logic Gates 68
2.9 Programming Languages 71
vi
Contents
2.10 Translator Programs 74
2.11 Problem-Solving Techniques 75
2.12 Using the Computer 87
Learning Outcomes 87
Key Terms to Remember 88
Review Questions 89
Discussion Questions 92
3. Overview of C 93
3.1 Introduction 93
3.2 Importance of C 95
3.3 Sample Program 1: Printing a Message 95
3.4 Sample Program 2: Adding Two Numbers 98
3.5 Sample Program 3: Interest Calculation 99
3.6 Sample Program 4: Use of Subroutines 101
3.7 Sample Program 5: Use of Math Functions 102
3.8 Basic Structure of C Programs 104
3.9 Programming Style 105
3.10 Executing a ‘C’ Program 105
3.11 UNIX System 107
3.12 MS-DOS System 109
Learning Outcomes 109
Key Terms to Remember 110
Review Questions 110
Discussion Questions 111
Debugging Exercises 112
Programming Exercises 112
4. Constants, Variables and Data Types 115
4.1 Introduction 115
4.2 Character Set 115
4.3 C Tokens 117
4.4 Keywords and Identifi ers 118
4.5 Constants 118
4.6 Variables 122
4.7 Data Types 123
4.8 Declaration of Variables 126
4.9 Declaration of Storage Class 129
4.10 Assigning Values to Variables 130
4.11 Defi ning Symbolic Constants 135
4.12 Declaring a Variable as Constant 137
4.13 Declaring a Variable as Volatile 137
Learning Outcomes 137
Key Terms to Remember 138
Brief Cases 139
Review Questions 141
Discussion Questions 143
Contents vii
Debugging Exercises 143
Programming Exercises 143
5. Operators and Expressions 145
5.1 Introduction 145
5.2 Arithmetic Operators 146
5.3 Relational Operators 148
5.4 Logical Operators 149
5.5 Assignment Operators 150
5.6 Increment and Decrement Operators 152
5.7 Conditional Operator 153
5.8 Bitwise Operators 153
5.9 Special Operators 154
5.10 Arithmetic Expressions 155
5.11 Evaluation of Expressions 156
5.12 Precedence of Arithmetic Operators 157
5.13 Some Computational Problems 159
5.14 Type Conversions in Expressions 161
5.15 Operator Precedence and Associativity 164
Learning Outcomes 167
Key Terms to Remember 167
Brief Cases 168
Review Questions 170
Discussion Questions 171
Debugging Exercises 173
Programming Exercises 174
6. Managing Input and Output Operations 177
6.1 Introduction 177
6.2 Reading a Character 178
6.3 Writing a Character 181
6.4 Formatted Input 182
6.5 Formatted Output 191
Learning Outcomes 198
Key Terms to Remember 198
Brief Cases 199
Review Questions 202
Discussion Questions 203
Debugging Exercises 205
Programming Exercises 205
7. Decision Making and Branching 207
7.1 Introduction 207
7.2 Decision Making with If Statement 208
7.3 Simple If Statement 208
7.4 The If.....Else Statement 212
7.5 Nesting of If....Else Statements 215
7.6 The Else If Ladder 218
viii
Contents
7.7 The Switch Statement 222
7.8 The ? : Operator 226
7.9 The Goto Statement 230
Learning Outcomes 233
Key Terms to Remember 233
Brief Cases 234
Review Questions 238
Discussion Questions 239
Debugging Exercises 243
Programming Exercises 243
8. Decision Making and Looping 247
8.1 Introduction 247
8.2 The While Statement 249
8.3 The Do Statement 251
8.4 The For Statement 254
8.5 Jumps in Loops 264
8.6 Concise Test Expressions 271
Learning Outcomes 272
Key Terms to Remember 272
Brief Cases 273
Review Questions 280
Discussion Questions 280
Debugging Exercises 283
Programming Exercises 284
9. Array 287
9.1 Introduction 287
9.2 One-Dimensional Arrays 289
9.3 Declaration of One-dimensional Arrays 290
9.4 Initialization of One-dimensional Arrays 292
9.5 Two-Dimensional Arrays 298
9.6 Initializing Two-Dimensional Arrays 302
9.7 Multi-Dimensional Arrays 311
9.8 Dynamic Arrays 312
9.9 More About Arrays 312
Learning Outcomes 312
Key Terms to Remember 313
Brief Cases 313
Review Questions 326
Discussion Questions 328
Debugging Exercises 328
Programming Exercises 330
10. Character Arrays and Strings 334
10.1 Introduction 334
10.2 Declaring and Initializing String Variables 335
10.3 Reading Strings from Terminal 336
Contents ix
10.4 Writing Strings to Screen 343
10.5 Arithmetic Operations on Characters 347
10.6 Putting Strings Together 349
10.7 Comparison of Two Strings 350
10.8 String-Handling Functions 350
10.9 Table of Strings 357
10.10 Other Features of Strings 359
Learning Outcomes 359
Key Terms to Remember 359
Brief Cases 360
Review Questions 364
Discussion Questions 365
Debugging Exercise 366
Programming Exercises 366
11. User-Defined Functions 369
11.1 Introduction 369
11.2 Need for User-Defi ned Functions 370
11.3 A Multi-Function Program 370
11.4 Elements of User-Defi ned Functions 373
11.5 Defi nition of Functions 374
11.6 Return Values and their Types 376
11.7 Function Calls 377
11.8 Function Declaration 379
11.9 Category of Functions 380
11.10 Recursion 394
11.11 Passing Arrays to Functions 395
11.12 Passing Strings to Functions 399
11.13 The Scope, Visibility, and Lifetime of Variables 400
11.14 Multifi le Programs 410
Learning Outcomes 411
Key Terms to Remember 412
Brief Cases 413
Review Questions 416
Discussion Questions 417
Debugging Exercises 420
Programming Exercises 420
12. Structures and Unions 423
12.1 Introduction 423
12.2 Defi ning a Structure 424
12.3 Declaring Structure Variables 425
12.4 Accessing Structure Members 427
12.5 Copying and Comparing Structure Variables 430
12.6 Operations on Individual Members 432
12.7 Arrays of Structures 433
12.8 Arrays within Structures 435
x
Contents
12.9 Structures within Structures 437
12.10 Structures and Functions 439
12.11 Unions and Structures 442
Learning Outcomes 445
Key Terms to Remember 446
Brief Cases 447
Review Questions 450
Discussion Questions 451
Debugging Exercises 454
Programming Exercises 454
13. Pointers 457
13.1 Introduction 457
13.2 Understanding Pointers 458
13.3 Accessing the Address of a Variable 460
13.4 Declaring Pointer Variables 461
13.5 Initialization of Pointer Variables 462
13.6 Accessing a Variable through its Pointer 463
13.7 Chain of Pointers 466
13.8 Pointer Expressions 466
13.9 Pointer Increments and Scale Factor 468
13.10 Pointers and Arrays 469
13.11 Pointers and Character Strings 472
13.12 Array of Pointers 474
13.13 Pointers as Function Arguments 475
13.14 Functions Returning Pointers 479
13.15 Pointers to Functions 479
13.16 Pointers and Structures 482
13.17 Troubles with Pointers 484
Learning Outcomes 485
Key Terms to Remember 486
Brief Cases 486
Review Questions 492
Discussion Questions 493
Debugging Exercises 494
Programming Exercises 495
14. File Management in C 497
14.1 Introduction 497
14.2 Defi ning and Opening a File 498
14.3 Closing a File 499
14.4 Input/Output Operations on Files 500
14.5 Error Handling During I/O Operations 506
14.6 Random Access to Files 509
14.7 Command Line Arguments 515
Learning Outcomes 518
Key Terms to Remember 518