Computing Attitude and Affect in Text: Theory and Applications

345 Pages·2006·6.75 MB·English

by  Shanahan J.G.

Computing Attitude and Affect in Text: Theory and Applications
THE INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SERIES
Series Editor:
W. Bruce Croft
University of Massachusetts, Amherst
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Computing Attitude and Affect in Text:
Theory and Applications
Edited by
James G. Shanahan
Clairvoyance Cooperation,
Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A.
Yan Qu
Clairvoyance Cooperation,
Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A.
and
Janyce Wiebe
University of Pittsburgh,
PA, U.S.A.
AC.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN-10 1-4020-4026-1 (HB)
ISBN-13 978-1-4020-4026-9 (HB)
ISBN-10 1-4020-4102-0 (e-book)
ISBN-13 978-1-4020-4102-0 (e-book)
Published by Springer,
P.O. Box 17, 3300 AADordrecht, The Netherlands.
www.springer.com
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
© 2006 Springer
No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording
or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception
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and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
Printed in the Netherlands.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE.....................................................................................................................................xi
1. CONTEXTUAL VALENCE SHIFTERS
Livia Polanyi, Annie Zaenen.....................................................................................................1
1.INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................1
2.FROMSIMPLE VALENCE TOCONTEXTUALLY DETERMINEDVALENCE......................................2
3.CONTEXTUAL VALENCESHIFTERS............................................................................................3
4.CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................9
2. CONVEYING ATTITUDE WITH REPORTED SPEECH
Sabine Bergler..........................................................................................................................11
1.INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................11
2.EVIDENTIAL ANALYSIS OF REPORTEDSPEECH........................................................................12
3.PROFILESTRUCTURE...............................................................................................................14
4.EXTENDEDEXAMPLE..............................................................................................................16
5.SOURCELIST ANNOTATION.....................................................................................................17
6.EXTENSION TOOTHERATTRIBUTION......................................................................................20
7.CONCLUSION...........................................................................................................................20
3. WHERE ATTITUDINAL EXPRESSIONS GET THEIR ATTITUDE
Jussi Karlgren, Gunnar Eriksson, Kristofer Franzén..........................................................23
1.RESEARCHQUESTIONS TO MOTIVATE THESTUDY OF ATTITUDINAL EXPRESSIONS................23
2.STARTINGPOINTS –PROTOTYPICAL ATTITUDINAL EXPRESSIONS...........................................24
3.TEXTTOPICALITY:PLAYERS...................................................................................................24
4.TEXTTOPICALITY:MOVES......................................................................................................25
5.IDENTIFYINGPLAYERS............................................................................................................25
6.THECASE FOR ANIMACY:ADJECTIVAL ATTRIBUTES AND GENITIVEATTRIBUTES.................25
7.THECASE FOR SYNTACTICSTRUCTURE:SITUATIONAL REFERENCE.......................................26
8.USINGSYNTACTIC PATTERNS MORESYSTEMATICALLY..........................................................28
9.GENERALIZING FROMSYNTACTICPATTERNS TO THE LEXICON...............................................29
10.CONCLUSIONS.......................................................................................................................29
4. ANALYSIS OF LINGUISTIC FEATURES ASSOCIATED WITH POINT OF VIEW
FOR GENERATING STYLISTICALLY APPROPRIATE TEXT
Nancy L. Green.........................................................................................................................33
1.INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................33
2.PERSPECTIVES INCORPUS.......................................................................................................34
3.ASSOCIATEDFEATURES..........................................................................................................36
vi TABLE OF CONTENTS
4.IMPLICATIONS FOR NATURALLANGUAGEGENERATION ANDAUTOMATIC RECOGNITION OF
POINT OF VIEW...........................................................................................................................38
5. THE SUBJECTIVITY OF LEXICAL COHESION IN TEXT
Jane Morris, Graeme Hirst.....................................................................................................41
1.INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................41
2.THEORETICAL BACKGROUND..................................................................................................42
3.EXPERIMENTALSTUDY...........................................................................................................43
4.DISCUSSION.............................................................................................................................45
6. A WEIGHTED REFERENTIAL ACTIVITY DICTIONARY
Wilma Bucci, Bernard Maskit.................................................................................................49
1.INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................50
2.METHODS................................................................................................................................52
3.RESULTS..................................................................................................................................58
7. CERTAINTY IDENTIFICATION IN TEXTS: CATEGORIZATION MODEL AND
MANUAL TAGGING RESULTS
Victoria L. Rubin, Elizabeth D. Liddy, Noriko Kando.........................................................61
1.ANALYTICALFRAMEWORK.....................................................................................................62
2.PROPOSEDCERTAINTY CATEGORIZATION MODEL..................................................................65
3.EMPIRICALSTUDY...................................................................................................................68
4.APPLICATIONS.........................................................................................................................74
5.CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK.........................................................................................74
8. EVALUATING AN OPINION ANNOTATION SCHEME USING A NEW MULTI-
PERSPECTIVE QUESTION AND ANSWER CORPUS
Veselin Stoyanov, Claire Cardie, Diane Litman, Janyce Wiebe...........................................77
1.INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................77
2.LOW-LEVEL PERSPECTIVE INFORMATION...............................................................................78
3.THEMPQANRRCCORPUS....................................................................................................80
4.MULTI-PERSPECTIVEQUESTION ANDANSWERCORPUSCREATION........................................80
5.EVALUATION OFPERSPECTIVEANNOTATIONS FOR MPQA.....................................................83
6.CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK.........................................................................................89
9. VALIDATING THE COVERAGE OF LEXICAL RESOURCES FOR AFFECT
ANALYSIS AND AUTOMATICALLY CLASSIFYING NEW WORDS ALONG
SEMANTIC AXES
Gregory Grefenstette, Yan Qu, David A. Evans, James G. Shanahan................................93
1.INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................94
2.THECURRENTCLAIRVOYANCEAFFECT LEXICON..................................................................95
3.EMOTIVEPATTERNS................................................................................................................97
4.SCORING THEINTENSITY OF CANDIDATEAFFECTWORDS....................................................101
5.FUTUREWORK......................................................................................................................105
6.CONCLUSIONS.......................................................................................................................106
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
10. A COMPUTATIONAL SEMANTIC LEXICON OF FRENCH VERBS OF EMOTION
Yvette Yannick Mathieu........................................................................................................109
1.INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................109
2.SEMANTICLEXICON DESCRIPTION........................................................................................109
3.FEELINGSYSTEM................................................................................................................116
4.EVALUATION.........................................................................................................................122
5.RELATEDWORK....................................................................................................................123
6.CONCLUSION.........................................................................................................................123
11. EXTRACTING OPINION PROPOSITIONS AND OPINION HOLDERS USING
SYNTACTIC AND LEXICAL CUES
Steven Bethard, Hong Yu, Ashley Thornton, Vasileios Hatzivassiloglou, Dan Jurafsky 125
1.INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................125
2.DATA.....................................................................................................................................127
3.OPINION-ORIENTEDWORDS..................................................................................................130
4.IDENTIFYING OPINION PROPOSITIONS...................................................................................132
5.RESULTS................................................................................................................................136
6.ERRORANALYSIS..................................................................................................................138
7.DISCUSSION...........................................................................................................................139
12. APPROACHES FOR AUTOMATICALLY TAGGING AFFECT
Nathanael Chambers, Joel Tetreault, James Allen.............................................................143
1.INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................143
2.BACKGROUND.......................................................................................................................144
3.ROCHESTERMARRIAGE-COUNSELING CORPUS.....................................................................145
4.APPROACHES TOTAGGING....................................................................................................146
5.EVALUATIONS.......................................................................................................................153
6.DISCUSSION...........................................................................................................................154
7.CATSTOOL..........................................................................................................................156
8.RELATED WORK....................................................................................................................157
9.CONCLUSION.........................................................................................................................157
13. ARGUMENTATIVE ZONING FOR IMPROVED CITATION INDEXING
SimoneTeufel.........................................................................................................................159
1.CITATIONINDEXING AND CITATIONMAPS............................................................................159
2.ARGUMENTATIVE ZONING ANDAUTHOR AFFECT.................................................................161
3.META-DISCOURSE.................................................................................................................163
4.HUMANANNOTATION OFAUTHORAFFECT..........................................................................165
5.FEATURES FOR AUTHORAFFECT...........................................................................................167
6.EVALUATION.........................................................................................................................167
7.CONCLUSION.........................................................................................................................168
viii TABLE OF CONTENTS
14. POLITENESS AND BIAS IN DIALOGUE SUMMARIZATION: TWO
EXPLORATORY STUDIES
Norton Trevisan Roman, Paul Piwek, Ariadne Maria Brito Rizzoni Carvalho ..............171
1.INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................172
2.FIRSTSTUDY:POLITENESS AND BIAS IN UNCONSTRAINEDDIALOGUE SUMMARIZATION.....174
3.SECONDSTUDY:POLITENESS AND BIAS IN CONSTRAINEDDIALOGUESUMMARIZATION......178
4.COMPARISON.........................................................................................................................180
5.CONCLUSION ANDOUTLOOK.................................................................................................181
15. GENERATING MORE-POSITIVE AND MORE-NEGATIVE TEXT
Diana Zaiu Inkpen, Ol’ga Feiguina, Graeme Hirst.............................................................187
1.NEAR-SYNONYMS ANDATTITUDINALNUANCES..................................................................187
2.RELATEDWORK....................................................................................................................189
3.ESTIMATING THERELATIVESEMANTIC ORIENTATION OFTEXT............................................189
4.WORDSENSEDISAMBIGUATION...........................................................................................190
5.ANALYSIS..............................................................................................................................190
6.GENERATION.........................................................................................................................191
7.EXPERIMENTS........................................................................................................................192
8.EVALUATION.........................................................................................................................195
9.CONCLUSION.........................................................................................................................196
16. IDENTIFYING INTERPERSONAL DISTANCE USING SYSTEMIC FEATURES
Casey Whitelaw, Jon Patrick, Maria Herke-Couchman.....................................................199
1.INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................200
2.SYSTEMICFUNCTIONAL LINGUISTICS...................................................................................200
3.REPRESENTINGSYSTEMNETWORKS.....................................................................................204
4.IDENTIFYING REGISTERS.......................................................................................................209
5.CONCLUSION.........................................................................................................................212
17. CORPUS-BASED STUDY OF SCIENTIFIC METHODOLOGY: COMPARING THE
HISTORICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL SCIENCES
Shlomo Argamon, Jeff Dodick..............................................................................................215
1.INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................216
2.BACKGROUND.......................................................................................................................216
3.SYSTEMICINDICATORS ASTEXTUALFEATURES...................................................................219
4.EXPERIMENTAL STUDY.........................................................................................................222
5.EXAMPLE TEXTS...................................................................................................................227
6.CONCLUSIONS.......................................................................................................................228
18. ARGUMENTATIVE ZONING APPLIED TO CRITIQUING NOVICES’ SCIENTIFIC
ABSTRACTS
Valéria D. Feltrim, Simone Teufel, Maria das Graças V. Nunes, Sandra M. Aluísio......233
1.INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................234
TABLE OF CONTENTS ix
2.THESCIPOSYSTEM...............................................................................................................234
3.ARGUMENTATIVE ZONING FOR PORTUGUESETEXTS............................................................237
4.EVALUATION OFSCIPO’SCRITIQUINGTOOL.........................................................................242
5.CONCLUSIONS.......................................................................................................................244
19. USING HEDGES TO CLASSIFY CITATIONS IN SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES
Chrysanne Di Marco, Frederick W. Kroon, Robert E. Mercer.........................................247
1.SCIENTIFIC WRITING, THE NEED FOR AFFECT,AND ITSROLE IN CITATION ANALYSIS.........247
2. HEDGING INSCIENTIFICWRITING........................................................................................248
3. CLASSIFYING CITATIONS INSCIENTIFICWRITING................................................................250
4. DETERMINING THE IMPORTANCE OFHEDGES INCITATION CONTEXTS.................................252
5.ACITATIONINDEXING TOOL FOR BIOMEDICAL LITERATUREANALYSIS..............................256
6. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK......................................................................................261
20. TOWARDS A ROBUST METRIC OF POLARITY
Kamal Nigam, Matthew Hurst..............................................................................................265
1.INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................265
2.RELATED WORK....................................................................................................................266
3.CLASSES OF POLAREXPRESSION...........................................................................................268
4.RECOGNIZINGPOLARLANGUAGE.........................................................................................269
5.TOPICDETECTION IN ONLINE MESSAGES..............................................................................270
6.THEINTERSECTION OFTOPIC ANDPOLARITY........................................................................272
7.EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS...........................................................................................................273
8.METRICS FOR TOPIC AND POLARITY.....................................................................................275
9.CONCLUSIONS AND FUTUREWORK.......................................................................................277
21. CHARACTERIZING BUZZ AND SENTIMENT IN INTERNET SOURCES:
LINGUISTIC SUMMARIES AND PREDICTIVE BEHAVIORS
Richard M. Tong, Ronald R. Yager......................................................................................281
1.INTRODUCTION ANDMOTIVATION........................................................................................281
2.LINGUISTICSUMMARIES........................................................................................................282
3.EXAMPLEAPPLICATIONS......................................................................................................289
4.TRENDS-2™INFRASTRUCTURE..........................................................................................292
5.PREVIOUS AND RELATEDWORK...........................................................................................293
6.OPENR&D AND APPLICATIONISSUES..................................................................................293
22. GOOD NEWS OR BAD NEWS? LET THE MARKET DECIDE
Moshe Koppel, Itai Shtrimberg.............................................................................................297
1.INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................297
2.EXPERIMENTS........................................................................................................................298
3.RESULTS................................................................................................................................299
4.CONCLUSIONS.......................................................................................................................300
x TABLE OFCONTENTS
23. OPINION POLARITY IDENTIFICATION OF MOVIE REVIEWS
Franco Salvetti, Christoph Reichenbach, Stephen Lewis...................................................303
1.INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................303
2.RELATEDRESEARCH.............................................................................................................304
3.PROBABILISTIC APPROACHES TOPOLARITYIDENTIFICATION...............................................305
4.FEATURES FOR ANALYSIS.....................................................................................................306
5.PART OFSPEECH FEATURESELECTION.................................................................................307
6.EXPERIMENTS........................................................................................................................308
7.SYNONYMY AND HYPERNYMY FEATUREGENERALIZATION.................................................312
8.SELECTION BY RRRANKING.......................................................................................................314
9.DISCUSSION...........................................................................................................................314
10.CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................................315
24. MULTI-DOCUMENT VIEWPOINT SUMMARIZATION FOCUSED ON FACTS,
OPINION AND KNOWLEDGE
Yohei Seki, Koji Eguchi, Noriko Kando...............................................................................317
1.INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................318
2.EXPERIMENTOVERVIEW:MULTI-DOCUMENT VIEWPOINT SUMMARIZATION WITHSUMMARY
TYPES.......................................................................................................................................319
3.SENTENCE-TYPEANNOTATION..............................................................................................323
4.GENRECLASSIFICATION........................................................................................................325
5.EXPERIMENTRESULTS..........................................................................................................328
6.CONCLUSION.........................................................................................................................333
INDEX.........................................................................................................................................337