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Computer Repair - A Complete Illustrated Guide To Pc Hardware PDF

639 Pages·2016·6.83 MB·English
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A complete illustrated Guide to the PC Hardware Karbosguide.com Corrections Misspellings, typos or other Welcome to Michael Karbo's corrections. Please report!. Online Service. Here you will find a modern online- magazine with more than Karbo's Newsletter: 500 illustrated articles for the critical reader! Use our menu to your left or the sitemap. You may also follow any of the links listed below. We hope that you appreciate our work! ● Start studying the design of a PC motherboard. ● Learn about harddisks and other drives. ● Learn about the PC I/O system. ● Learn about the PC video Pentium 4 and AthlonXP. system. More than 50 photos of old Sitemap cars free to download! See our guestbook and add The MP3 article is re-written. your comment. Editing photos with Photoshop Cleaning Windows Me for temporary files ... All modules 7 re-written Copyright (c) 1996 - 2002 Michael B. Karbo. WWW.KARBOSGUIDE.COM. http://www.karbosguide.com/guides/start.htm7/27/2004 4:04:12 AM A complete illustrated Guide to the PC Hardware About Michael Karbo 1. About PC data 4. Drives and other 1a. About data storage NEW: German 1b. Character tables 4a. Drives 4b. Hard disks version. Privacy politic 2. The PC system board 4c. Optic storage media 2a. Introduction 4d. ZIP etc. Software Guides 2b. Boot process, system 4e. Tape streamers Dictionary bus Photo Gallery 2c. I/O buses 5. Expansion cards Search and interfaces 2d. Chip sets 5a. Adapters 2e. On RAM 5b. EIDE, Ultra DMA, AGP 3. About CPUs 3a. An intro to CPUs 5c. SCSI, FireWire, USB 3b. CPU improvements 6. OSs and file 3c. 5th gener. CPUs systems 3d. Cooling and overclocking 6a. File systems 3e. 6th gener. CPUs 6b. Windows 95 6c. BIOS, OS, hardware 6d. The Windows 98 page 7. Graphics and sound 7a. Display basics 7b. Graphics cards 7c. About sound cards 7d. Digital music MP3, MOD etc. Main page http://www.karbosguide.com/guides/sitemap.htm7/27/2004 4:04:13 AM Support Karbosguide.com KarbosGuide.com ● Next page ● Previous page Support our work Karbosguide.com a tutorial used globally. It is a work made "con amore". We make no profit from it. However, just a little economical revenue would be great. It takes so much time to update and develop the site with high quality information. You can help us in several ways: ● Click on the banners ● Register as a user and donate a few dollars. ● Tell your friends an partners about Karbosguide.com, share the URL. ● Next page ● Previous page http://www.karbosguide.com/info/support_01.htm7/27/2004 4:04:19 AM KarbosGuide.com. Module 1a. About data. KarbosGuide.com. Module 1a. ● Next page ● Previous page About data Our PCs are data processors. The PC's function is simple: to process data, and the processing is done electronically inside the CPU and between the other components. That sounds simple, but what is data, and how is it processed electronically in a PC? That is the subject of these pages. Analog data The signals, which we send each other to communicate, is data. Our daily data have many forms: sound, letters, numbers, and other characters (handwritten or printed), photos, graphics, film. All this data is in its nature analog, which means that it varies in type. In this form, the data-signals are unusable in a PC. The PC can only process concise, simple data formats. Such data can be processed very effectively. Digital data The PC is an electric unit. Therefore, it can only deal with data, which are associated with electricity. That is accomplished using electric switches, which are either off or on. You can compare with regular household switches. If the switch is off, the PC reads numeral 0. If it is on, it is read as numeral one. See the illustration below: http://www.karbosguide.com/hardware/module1a1.htm (1 of 5)7/27/2004 4:05:11 AM KarbosGuide.com. Module 1a. About data. With our electric switches, we can write 0 or 1. We can now start our data processing! The PC is filled with these switches (in the form of transistors). There are literally millions of those in the electronic components. Each represents either a 0 or a 1, so we can process data with millions of 0s and 1s. Please click the banners to support our work! Bits [top] Each 0 or 1 is called a bit. Bit is an abbreviation of the expression BInary digiT. It is called binary, since it is derived from the binary number system: 0 1 bit http://www.karbosguide.com/hardware/module1a1.htm (2 of 5)7/27/2004 4:05:11 AM KarbosGuide.com. Module 1a. About data. 1 1 bit 0110 4 bit 01101011 8 bit The binary number system [top] The binary number system is made up of digits, just like our common decimal system (10 digit system). But, while the decimal system uses digits 0 through 9, the binary system only uses digits 0 and 1. If you are interested in understanding the binary number system, then here is a brief course. See if you can follow the system. See how numbers are constructed in the binary system, using only 0s and 1s: Numbers, as known in the Same numbers in binary decimal-system system 0 0 1 1 2 10 3 11 4 100 5 101 6 110 7 111 8 1000 Digital data [top] http://www.karbosguide.com/hardware/module1a1.htm (3 of 5)7/27/2004 4:05:11 AM KarbosGuide.com. Module 1a. About data. We have seen that the PC appears capable of handling data, if it can receive them as 0s and 1s. This data format is called digital. If we can translate our daily data from their analog format to digital format, they will appear as chains of 0s and 1s, then the PC can handle them. So, we must be able to digitize our data. Pour text, sounds, and pictures into a funnel, from where they emerge as 0s and 1s: Let us see how this can be accomplished. ● Next page ● Previous page Learn more [top] Read more about the boot process and system bus in Module 2b Read more about I/O buses in module 2c Read more about the motherboard chip set in module 2d Read more about RAM in module 2e Read about EIDE in module 5b [Main page] [Contact] [Karbo's Dictionary] [The Software Guides] http://www.karbosguide.com/hardware/module1a1.htm (4 of 5)7/27/2004 4:05:11 AM KarbosGuide.com. Module 1a. About data. Copyright (c) 1996-2001 by Michael B. Karbo. www.karbosguide.com. http://www.karbosguide.com/hardware/module1a1.htm (5 of 5)7/27/2004 4:05:11 AM KarbosGuide.com. Module 1a. About data. KarbosGuide.com. Module 1a2. About Bytes Contents: ● Ne xt page ● Previous page ● Introduction ● ASCII ● About text and code ● Data in files Introduction The most basic data processing is word processing. Let us use that as an example. When we do word processing, we work at a keyboard similar to a typewriter. There are 101 keys, where we find the entire alphabet A, B, C, etc. We also find the digits from 0 to 9 and all the other characters we need:,.-;():_?!"#*%&etc.. All these characters must be digitized. They must be expressed in 0s and 1s. Bits are organized in groups of 8. A group of 8 bits is called a byte. 8 bits = 1 byte, that is the system. Then, what can we do with bytes? First, let us see how many different bytes we can construct. A byte is an 8 digit number. We link 0s and 1s in a pattern. How many different ones can we make? Here is one: 01110101, and here is another: 10010101. We can calculate that you can make 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 different patterns, since each of the 8 bits can have 2 values. ● 28 (two in the power of eight) is 256. Then there are 256 different bytes! Now we assign a byte to each letter and other characters. And since we have 256 patterns to choose from, there is plenty of room for all. Here you see some examples of the http://www.karbosguide.com/hardware/module1a2.htm (1 of 5)7/27/2004 4:05:22 AM KarbosGuide.com. Module 1a. About data. "translation:" Character Bit pattern Byte Character Bit pattern Byte number number A 01000001 65 ¼ 10111100 188 B 01000010 66 . 00101110 46 C 01000011 67 : 00111010 58 a 01100001 97 $ 00100100 36 b 01100010 98 \ 01011100 92 o 01101111 111 ~ 01111110 126 p 01110000 112 1 00110001 49 q 01110001 113 2 00110010 50 r 01110010 114 9 00111001 57 x 01111000 120 © 10101001 169 y 01111001 121 > 00111110 62 z 01111010 122 ‰ 10001001 137 When you write the word "summer", you write 6 letters. If the computer has to process that word, it will be digitized to 6 bytes. In other words, the word summer occupies 6 bytes in the PC RAM, when you type it, and 6 bytes on the hard disk, if you save it. ASCII [top] ASCII means American Standard Code for Information Interchange. It is an industry standard, which assigns letters, numbers, and other characters within the 256 slots available in the 8 bit code. http://www.karbosguide.com/hardware/module1a2.htm (2 of 5)7/27/2004 4:05:22 AM

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