Computer Organisation and Architecture: An Introduction

292 Pages·2004·2.34 MB·English

by  B. S. Chalk

Computer Organisation and
Architecture
Computer
Organisation and
Architecture
An Introduction
Second Edition
B.S. Chalk, A.T. Carter and R.W. Hind
Palgrave
Macmillan
© B.S.Chalk,A.T.Carter and R.W.Hind 2004
All rights reserved.No reproduction,copy or transmission of this
publication may be made without written permission.
No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced,copied or transmitted
save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the
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permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency,90
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Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication
may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
The authors have asserted their rights to be identified
as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988.
First published 2004 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN
Houndmills,Basingstoke,Hampshire RG21 6XS and
175 Fifth Avenue,New York,N.Y.10010
Companies and representatives throughout the world
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave
Macmillan division of St.Martin’s Press,LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd.
Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States,United Kingdom
and other countries.Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European
Union and other countries.
ISBN 978-1-4039-0164-4 ISBN 978-0-230-00060-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-0-230-00060-5
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully
managed and sustained forest sources.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04
Contents
Preface to the second edition ix
Acknowledgements x
List oftrademarks xi
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Computer functionality 2
1.2 The von Neumann model 2
1.3 A personal computer system 3
1.4 Representing memory 5
1.5 High- and low-level languages 6
1.6 The operating system 7
1.7 Networked systems 7
Answers to in text questions 8
Exercises 8
Chapter 2 Data representation and computer arithmetic 10
2.1 Bits,bytes and words 10
2.2 Binary codes 11
2.3 Number systems 12
2.4 Negative numbers 15
2.5 Binary arithmetic 18
2.6 Binary coded decimal (BCD) 20
2.7 Floating point representation 20
2.8 Summary 23
Answers to in text questions 24
Exercises 24
Chapter 3 Boolean logic 26
3.1 Logic gates 26
3.2 Combinational logic circuits 28
v
Contents
3.3 Sequential logic circuits 31
3.4 Flip-flop circuits 35
3.5 Summary 39
Answers to in text questions 40
Exercises 41
Chapter 4 Central processor unit operation 42
4.1 CPU details 42
4.2 Processor–Memory interconnection 43
4.3 Improving performance 52
4.4 The use ofmicrocode 61
4.5 Summary 64
Answers to in text questions 64
Exercises 66
Chapter 5 The Intel 80x86 family ofprocessors 68
5.1 The programmers model 68
5.2 Instruction types 71
5.3 Addressing modes 74
5.4 Instruction formats 77
5.5 Assembly code examples 80
5.6 Operating modes 83
5.7 Floating point arithmetic 83
5.8 Summary 86
Answers to in text questions 86
Exercises 88
Chapter 6 Primary memory 89
6.1 Memory hierarchy 89
6.2 RAM and cache basics 90
6.3 Semiconductor memory chips 90
6.4 Data and address buses 98
6.5 Cache memory 101
6.6 Summary 106
Answers to in text questions 107
Exercises 107
Chapter 7 Secondary memory 109
7.1 Magnetic surface technology 109
7.2 Magnetic disk storage 110
7.3 Optical disk storage systems 116
7.4 Summary 121
Answers to in text questions 121
Exercises 121
vi
Contents
Chapter 8 Input–Output 123
8.1 PC buses 123
8.2 Types ofinterface 124
8.3 I/O addressing 132
8.4 Modes ofI/O transfer 132
8.5 I/O buses 137
8.6 I/O devices 142
8.7 Summary 151
Answers to in text questions 152
Exercises 152
Chapter 9 Operating systems 154
9.1 Overview 154
9.2 Power-on self-test (POST) and system boot-up 155
9.3 Multiprogramming/multitasking 156
9.4 The process concept 156
9.5 Process management 157
9.6 Process scheduling 159
9.7 Inter-Process Communication (IPC) 160
9.8 Threads 163
9.9 Memory management 164
9.10 Operating system traps 170
9.11 File systems 171
9.12 Summary 174
Answers to in text questions 175
Exercises 176
Chapter 10 Reduced instruction set computers 177
10.1 CISC characteristics 178
10.2 Instruction usage 178
10.3 RISC architectures 179
10.4 The control unit 183
10.5 Pipelining 184
10.6 Hybrids 184
10.7 Performance and benchmarking 184
10.8 Superscalar and superpipelined architectures 185
10.9 Summary 186
Answers to in text questions 186
Exercises 187
Chapter 11 Networked systems 188
11.1 Introduction to networked systems 188
11.2 Local area networks 194
vii
Contents
11.3 Wide area networks 205
11.4 Distributed systems 220
11.5 Security ofnetworked systems 223
11.6 Summary 227
Answers to in text questions 228
Exercises 229
Chapter 12 A look ahead 230
12.1 Processors 230
12.2 Primary memory 232
12.3 Secondary memory 232
12.4 Peripheral devices 233
12.5 Networks 235
12.6 Complete systems 236
12.7 Summary 237
Exercises 237
Appendix 1 Introduction to logic circuit minimisation using
Karnaugh map methods 238
Appendix 2 Introduction to debug 247
Appendix 3 ASCII and Extended ASCII tables 257
Appendix 4 The 80x86 family ofprocessors 260
Appendix 5 IEEE 754 floating point format 265
Acronyms 267
References and further reading 271
Index 273
viii
Preface to the second
edition
A great deal has happened in the world ofcomputing since the publication of
the first edition ofthis book.Processors have become faster and the number
oftransistors contained in the processor chip has greatly increased.The
amount ofmemory,both primary and secondary,in the standard personal
computer has increased and become faster.New peripheral devices have
come onto the scene and some ofthe old ones have almost disappeared.
Networked computers are the norm,as is connection to the Internet for
almost all home computers.Having said all the above,the basic von
Neumann architecture has not been superseded yet.
This second edition ofComputer Organisation and Architecture,An
Introduction,builds on the first edition,bringing the material up to date and
adding new chapters on ‘Networking and what’s next’.After considerable
thought,we have decided to use the Intel family ofprocessors rather than the
Motorola 68000 for our examples.This is because the availability ofIntel
based personal computers (PCs) tends to be greater than machines based on
the Motorola 68000,taking into account that many people,especially
students,have a PC at home.Our change must not be seen as a criticism of
the Motorola processors,but simply a matter ofexpedience for experiential
learning.
Many ofour examples make reference to PCs,but all the basic principles
apply to all sizes and shapes ofcomputers.There are still a large number of
powerful high-end computers being used in big organisations and it must be
remembered that the world ofcomputing is not just PCs.
The target audience for this edition has not changed and with the addition
ofthe networking chapter,we hope that the area ofappeal will have widened.
We have included Chapter 12 in order to look briefly at some
developments.Some are a few weeks away while others are experimental or
just proposals.With the rate ofdevelopment we are seeing,it is difficult to
imagine where computing will be in say five years time.We live in exciting
times.
Suggested answers to a number ofthe end ofchapter exercises are
available on the WEB site associated with this book.
A.T.Carter,R.W.Hind
ix
Acknowledgements
Tony and I wish to thank Bernard Chalk for allowing us to produce a second
edition ofhis book and for his helpful comments on our proposed changes.
We also express grateful thanks to Dave Hatter ofPalgrave Macmillan,
without whose assistance,both technical and editorial,this edition would
not have reached completion.
Thanks must also be extended to our wives,Deb and Margaret,for their
patience and understanding.
A.T.Carter,R.W.Hind
March 2003
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