Computer-Assisted Research in the Humanities. A Directory of Scholars Active

255 Pages·1977·17.329 MB·English

by  Joseph Raben

Pergamon Titles of Interest
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Computers & Urban Society
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Author-Subject Index to Computers and the Humanities
11
C o m p u t e r - A s s i s t ed
Research IN THE
r ^ / ^ ^ / ^ e/
A Directory of Scholars Active
Edited by Joseph Raben
Queens College
City University of New York
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Copyright © 1977 Pergamon Press Inc.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Computer-assisted research in the humanities.
Includes index.
1. Humanities - Data processing -- Directories.
I. Raben, Joseph.
AS8.C63 001.3'028'54 75-16447
ISBN 0-08-019870-8
All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may
be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted
in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic,
magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Printed in the United States of America
Preface
This book is a response to a frequently expressed need for a single reference work
describing the great variety of computer-assisted research in the humanities and the related
social sciences. It is based on data collected semiannually between November 1966 and May
1972 and published in Computer and the Humanities. For this compilation, all original
contributors were queried twice with the intent of obtaining the latest information on their
projects. In the majority of entries, therefore, the information can be considered essentially
current. Projects for which no new data could be obtained were reprinted verbatim from
their appearance in the journal, but with the date of original publication indicated in
brackets.
In a few instances contributors asked that, for any of several reasons, their entries be
deleted. These requests were naturally honored, but for the sake of the book's complete
ness, the number and title of the project have been given, again with a reference to the date
of original publication. When we have reason to think that the address given is no longer
valid, but is a starting point for any attempt at communication with a project director, we
have marked it with an asterisk.
Appropriately, this book has been produced by computer-driven photocomposition.
Because the earlier entries in our data bank had not been made machine-readable, it was
necessary to edit them for stylistic consistency, keyboard them, and edit them several times
on a video display terminal. This task has been performed with professional and personal
devotion by Marguerite Raben. Her task was facilitated by the unflagging cooperation of
Laurence H. Heimrath, Solomon Gongola, Jonathan Marz, and Robin Warren. In other
ways, the book has benefited from the efforts of Veena V. Paralkar and Lucie Tamassy. The
index is based on one generated by Ellis Mount. The original idea of producing this
compendium came from Theodore C. Hines.
Education
El. Analysis of Language Teaching Texts
Principal investigator: Michael Mepham, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Linguistique, U. Laval, Cité Universitaire,
Quebec 10, Canada. Associates: William F. Mackey, Lome Laforge, Jean-Guy Savard.
Scopç: Automatic processing of language teaching texts for the analysis of linguistic content and organization.
Method: Application of dictionary lookup, concordances, and parsing schemes.
Type of computer: 1) and 2) IBM 360/50. Size of storage: 1) 512k, 2) 256k. Language: 1) PL/I e, 2) APL. Disks or
tapes: 1) 9 2314 disks, 6 9-track tapes; 2) 9 2314, 30 2250 disks.
References: "L'Analyse des méthodes l'enseignement des langues à l'aide de l'ordinateur," Sciences de l'Education
pour l'ère nouvelle 394 (July-December 1968). [CHum, May 1970]
E2. DOVACK, a FORTRAN Package to Support Individualization of Initial and
Remedial Reading Instruction by the Language Experience Approach
Principal investigator: Florine L. Way. DOVACK Consulting Services, P.O.Box 3205, Tallahassee, FL 32303.
Associates: William Petty, Duane A. Meeter.
Scope: For teaching initial and remedial reading to diverse populations on a broad scale, and for teaching standard
English, the DOVACK System utilizes multisensory devices and the computer to individualize the language experience
approach. Pupils dictate, from real and vicarious experiences, instructional materials which are transcribed by an aide for
input to the computer. Method: The computer 1) processes each pupil's own lessons for his independent study with
dictation equipment; 2) periodically obtains for each pupil from his own computer-stored word bank random sample
vocabulary recognition tests; and 3) after every test, compiles and prints pupil-criterion-referenced reports including
individual reports, class summaries and current norms, and graphs plotted with pupil IDs. To teach standard English for
alternative situational use without disparaging the language and culture of the pupils, and to provide individually
pertinent materials for making the transition to conventional reading matter, the teacher and others prepare third-person
narrative versions of each pupil's dictations. Unique data-collection and compilation procedures, designed for process
and product evaluation, can be used for broad-scale research. Workshops are necessary for the teachers.
Type of computer: CDC 6400. Size of storage: 65k 60 bit words. Language: FORTRAN IV. Disks or tapes: 1 CDC
6638 disk. Processing: Batch; independent of class time; average CP time on CDC 6400 one minute per pupil per month.
Program is available.
Status: ESEA Title 3 funded a project to field test the DOVACK system in Monticello, Florida (OEG-4-8-060040-
0069-056; $204,000; 1968-69-1970-71) for adaptability, effectiveness, and economic feasibility. The three-year report is
available from ERIC. Consulting services for planning, workshops for teachers, and further information are obtainable
from the investigator.
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E2 Education
References: DOVACK: Method for Teaching Reading (End of Project Period Report), ERIC ED 071 268 (available
from ERIC Documentation Reproduction Service, P.O.Drawer O, Bethesda, MD 20014); "The DOVACK Model,"
EDVCOM Bulletin 4, 5 (October 1969), 5-6; "The 'Language Experience' Approach in Teaching Reading-
Computerized," Computers and Automation 19, 9 (September 1970), 28-31; The DOVACK SYSTEM (black and white
16mm 18-minute film, available on loan from Area Audio-Visual Center, Box 499, Monticello, FL 32344).
See also G64, L317, L326, L412, L458, L515, L531, L542, L551.
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General
Gl. Bibliographic On-Line Display (BOLD)
Principal investigator: Harold Borko, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024. Associate: Howard P. Burnaugh.
Objective: Design of a large-scale, interactive, computer-based document storage and retrieval system. Method: Using
both teletype and CRT display scopes in an on-line time-shared environment, the user is able to browse and /or search
through a store of documents and have the abstracts displayed for his review.
Type of computer: AN/FSQ-32V. Size of storage: 64k. Language: JOVIAL (80 percent) scamp machine code (20
percent). Disks or tapes: Data Products disk, 4 million words; 12 IBM 729 IV tapes. Program is available.
Status: The BOLD system was terminated in 1968 after the principal investigator left SDC and the corporation
acquired more modern computer systems. Much useful information was learned regarding user inquiries, displays, file
organization and retrieval techniques. This knowledge was incorporated into the design of more advanced information
storage and retrieval systems.
References: "Interactive Displays for Document Retrieval," Information Display 3, 5 (September-October 1966), 47-
90.
G3. Research in Semiotic Systems
Principal investigators: E.D. Pendergraft and T.W. Ziehe, Senior Scientists, Tracor, Inc., 5500 Tracor Lane, Austin,
TX 78721. Associates: N. Hirst, R. Jonas, C. Perkins, R. Schanks.
Objective: To design and implement semiotic systems that process both linguistic and non-linguistic signs for
communication and control.
Type of computer: UNI VAC 1108.
Status: Terminated. [CHum, May 1967]
G4. Augmented Human Intellect Program
Principal investigator: D.C. Engelbart, Program Head, Systems Engineering Laboratory, Stanford Research Institute,
333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA 94025. Associates: W.K. English, J.F. Rulifson, R.E. Hay, D.I. Andrews, J.D.
Hopper, M.A. Watson, S.R. Levine, C.H. Dawson, B. Pollock, J. Stein.
Objective: To explore possibilities offered by direct, interactive computer aids for improving human intellectual
effectiveness. Method: A predominantly empirical approach, in which the development of experimental computer aids is
limited explicitly to those which can serve a small user community composed of the researchers themselves. Interactive
procedures for composing, modifying, and studying specially structured working records on a computer-display console.
Modifications of computer aids, information structures, working conventions and procedures, and concepts and skills
studies are developed in a whole-system, evolutionary approach.
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G4 General
Type of computer: CDC 3100, shifting to SDS 940 Time-Sharing System. Size of storage: CDC 16k; SDS 65k.
Language: CDC: locally developed machine-language assembler with associated CRT for on-line debugging. SDS:
locally developed machine-oriented compiler, with on-line debugging facility. Disks or tapes: CDC: 3 high-speed tapes, 1
1311 disk file; SDS: 3 high-speed tapes, Bryant 4061 disk file. Special features: New type entry prepared on a paper-
tape-punching typewriter and on-line CRT display. Program is available.
Status: Our own developments currently being used for drafting and updating (and publishing if appropriate) all of
our on-going specifications, design, and reporting documentation work—even with limited computer availability of a
single CRT station shared with other groups. Future plans: A time-shared computer system was to be installed in the
summer of 1967, to support ten CRT stations, located in research offices, where the entire computer display system is
devoted to the support of this exploratory work.
References: Available on request from D.C. Engelbart. [CHum, May 1967]
G5. Some Applications of Computers to Literary Stylistics, Textual Criticism, and
Bibliographical Analysis
Principal investigators: Thomas Clayton, Professor, Dept. of English, U. of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Ralph
Cohen, Professor, Dept. of English, U. of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA.
Objective: The production of concordances and lexico-syntactical aids to literary study, and orthographical and
paleographical aids to textual study.
Scope: Thomson's Seasons and Castle of Indolence, Cowper's Task, Suckling's non-dramatic works, Milton's Paradise
Lost and portion of The Books of Sir Thomas Moore in Shakespeare's hand.
Type of computer: IBM 7094 and 1401. Work completed on IBM 360/75.
Status: Completed. Realized objectives included upper/lower-case concordance and related materials drawn from
machine-readable tapes of Thomson's Seasons (concordance).
References: T. Clayton, "The Preparation of Literary Text for Milton's Paradise Lost (concordance), Suckling's non-
dramatic works (concordance, etc.), and the "Shakespearean" addition in the MS Booke of Sir Thomas Moore
(concordance, orthographical indexes, index litterarum, and edited Elizabethan and modern texts). Professor Cohen has
printouts of the concordances of Paradise Lost and The Seasons, and Professor Clayton has printouts of the
concordances and other materials drawn from Paradise Lost, Suckling's non-dramatic works, and the "Shakespearean"
More addition. "Multiple Automated Studies: Comprehensive Identification and the Provision of Discriminants," IBM
Literary Data Processing Proceedings, September 9-11, 1964 (New York: Modern Language Association, 1964), pp. 172-
199,+ Appendices A-E; "A Computer-Produced Aid to the Study of Shakespeare's Spelling and Handwriting,"
Shakespeare Newsletter 16 (February 1966), 6; "Computers in Humanistic Research: a Panel Discussion," Computers in
Humanistic Research, ed. Edmund A. Bowles (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1967), pp.245-248; The
"Shakespearean" Addition in the Booke of Sir Thomas Moore: Some Aids to Scholarly and Critical Shakespearean Studies,
Monograph No.l, Center for Shakespeare Studies, University of South Carolina (1969); T. Clayton, éd., The Non-
Dramatic works of Sir John Suckling (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971); Ralph Cohen, The Unfolding of the Seasons (Los
Angeles and Berkeley: University of California Press, and London: Routledge, 1970).
G6. A Computerized Bibliography in American Studies, 1865-1916
Principal investigator: Clarence C. Móndale, Associate Professor, American Civilization, George Washington U.,
Washington, DC 20006.
Objective: To supply a complete bibliography of published materials treating social themes for the period stated.
Type of computer: IBM 360/40.
Status: Now undertaking systems analysis and programming. Future plans: An extended index will supply clues for
bibliographical search, when the bibliography is reasonably complete.
References: "A Bibliographical Survey of Economic and Political Writings, 1865-1900," American Literature 15
(January 1944), 381-410. [CHum, May 1967]
G7. Computer Editing and Publishing Of Text [Terminated] [CHum, November 1967]
G8. SMART Automatic Text Processing and Retrieval System
Principal investigator: Gerard Saltón, Professor, Dept. of Computer Science, Cornell U., Ithaca, NY 14850.
Associates: Joel Zumoff, Barbara Galaska, Joyce Leslie, Ellen Lundell.
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General G8
Objective: Design and implementation of a fully automatic information retrieval system, and investigation of
techniques leading to an accurate and efficient information retrieval environment; currently using collections of articles
in the fields of computer science, documentation, aerodynamics, medicine, and world affairs. Design and implementation
of an on-line information retrieval system, and future library systems. Method: Fully automatic content analysis of
documents, abstracts, and search requests. Automatic search and retrieval using user-controlled search strategies.
Feedback studies to improve queries. Document space modification and cluster experiments to improve the data base.
Automatic dictionary construction. Use of foreign-language texts. Term discrimination models.
Type of computer: IBM 360/65. Size of storage: 200-300k. Language: FORTRAN IV, PL/I, BAL. Disks or tapes: 1
2314 disk. Program is available.
References: Series of reports on "Information Storage and Retrieval" to the National Science Foundation, Nos.
1-20, 1962-1972, Harvard Computation Laboratory and Computer Science Dept., Cornell University; Automatic
Information Organization and Retrieval (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1968); The SMART Retrieval System (Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1971); Joel Zumoff, User's Manual for the SMART Information Retrieval System, Department
of Computer Science Technical Report 71-95, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850.
G9. Journal Citation Reports
Principal investigator: Eugene Garfield, President, Institute for Scientific Information, 325 Chestnut Street,
Philadelphia, PA 19106. Associates: Calvin Lee, Henry Small.
Scope: To study and evaluate scientific journals by determining the frequency with which journals cite one another.
Applications are in the area of journal evaluation, library management, and science policy. Method: The Science Citation
Index tapes are used as the data base. The frequency of citation from one journal to another is determined. Three major
listings are produced: 1) a journal ranking list. Journals are ranked by times cited and by average times cited (impact
factor); 2) detailed listings: a) cited journals listed for each citing journal and b) citing journals listed for each cited
journal.
Type of computer: IBM 370/145. Language: BAL.
References: E. Garfield, "Citation Analysis as a Tool in Journal Evaluation," Science, 178 (4060) (1972), 471-479.
G10. Automatic Indexing; Development of Computer-Based Indexes, Bibliographies,
and Catalogs; Various Research Applications in the Study of Subject Headings
and the Structure of Index Entries
Principal investigator: Theodore C. Hines, Associate Professor, School of Library Service, Columbia U., New York,
NY 10027. Associates: Maurice F. Tauber, Jessica L. Harris.
Objective: Development of groups of unit operations for the production of bibliographies, catalogs, and indexes; and
related research into the nature of indexing systems. Method: In general, the technique is to combine theoretical and
empirical techniques in the development of appropriate unit operations, and to use these both for production purposes
and in implementing further research.
Type of computer: IBM 7090, 1620, 360/30, 360/40, 360/75. Language: SNOBOL, COBOL, and PL/I. Some of the
programs are available.
References: Computer Filing of Index, Bibliographic, and Catalog Entries (Newark, NJ: Bro-Dart Foundation, 1966).
[CHum, November 1967]
Gil. Computerized Catalog of Medieval Manuscripts [Suspended] [CHum, November 1967]
G12. Alternate Methods of Machine Indexing and Their Effect on the Effectiveness
of Document Retrieval
Principal investigator: Norman D. Peterson, Senior Systems Analyst, Branch of ADP Systems, Bonneville Power
Administration, 3660 N.E. 133 Avenue, Portland, OR 97230. Associates: Dale L. Holmes, Val S. Lava.
Scope: Study the relative cost and effectiveness of indexing text of abstracts vs. titles only. Single keywording vs.
multiple (phrase) keywording. Consideration of exclusion (drop) list vs. inclusion list in keywording. Method: Application
of IBM software system no. 1401-CR-01X, as improved by Bonneville Power Administration, against a known data base
of international power distribution literature in narrative form.
Type of computer: IBM 1401. Size of storage: 8k. Language: AUTOCODER. Disks or tapes: Minimum of 4 tapes (5
desirable). Program is available.
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G12 General
References: E.I. Bromberg, G.A. Dubinski, and N.D. Peterson, "The Bonneville Power Administration Selective
Dissemination of Information Program," Special Libraries 58, 8 (October 1967); N.D. Peterson, "A System for
Information Dissemination and Retrieval," Computer Group News, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1, 9
(November 1967); N.D. Peterson, "Notes on Computers and Legal Research," The Practical Lawyer (November 1967);
E.I. Bromberg, Power Group Conference Paper No. 31 CP 67-513, The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,
July 14, 1967. [CHum, November 1967]
G13. GRIPHOS General Retrieval and Information Processor for Humanities-
Oriented Studies
Principal investigator: Jack Heller, Professor, Dept. of Computer Science, SUNY, Stony Brook, NY 11790.
Scope: A system within 360/OS which stores textual information in a data bank and retrieves and displays
information selectively. Storage for 500,000 textual items of average length 5000 characters. Method: Card, typewriter
terminal or terminal computer input. Textual information stored on disks and indexed via direct access disk storage.
Type of computer: IBM 370/155. Size of storage: 240k. Language: PL/I F. Disks or tapes: 1 2314, 1 2321 disks; 2
tapes. Program is available.
Status: This system is being used operationally by the United Nations Library to produce indices of their published
documents. The Museum of Modern Art in New York, the Arkansas Archeological Survey, and the Florida State Dept.
of Archives and History are using this system to organize their data and produce indices and selected searches. The work
is being carried on via the Museum Computer Network. (See VI0b)
G14. Pattern Recognition and Formation by Machine
Principal investigator: Kenneth M. Sayre, Professor, Dept. of Philosophy, U. of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN
46556. Associates: Frederick Crosson, David Burrell, Vaughn McKim.
Scope: Handwritten characters. Method: Formal modeling.
Type of computer: UNIVAC 1107. Language: FORTRAN. Program is available.
References: K.M. Sayre and F. Crosson, eds., The Modeling of Mind {University of Notre Dame Press); K.M. Sayre,
Recognition; A Study in the Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence (University of Notre Dame Press); F. Crosson and K.M.
Sayre, eds., Philosophy and Cybernetics (University of Notre Dame Press).
Status: Completed. Final project report in Pattern Recognition (1973). [CHum, November 1967]
G15. Some Procedures and Programs for Processing Language Data
Principal investigators: Georgette M.T. Silva, S.T.F., Dept. of Linguistics, and Cliff J. Bellamy, Director, Computer
Center, Monash U., Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, Australia 3168.
Scope: A reference manual for the humanist, containing information required to produce word-frequency counts,
word indexes, concordances, etc. Method: The manual consists of an introductory chapter surveying the state of computer
application to the solution of humanistic problems c. 1968, followed by several others dealing with methodology. The
latter include detailed descriptions of procedures, flowcharts, program listings, deck structures, and user's instructions.
Type of computer: CDC 3200. Size of storage: 32k. Language: FORTRAN. Disks or tapes: 2 4 x 10 million-character
disks (CDC), 4 tapes (IBM style). Special equipment: 30" incremental plotter. Program is available.
References: G.M.T. Silva, Concordance Generation on the CDC 3200 Computer (thesis, Monash University, 1966—
expanded and revised version of concordance-generating procedures for the CDC 3200 in form of User's Manual
available from Monash University Computing Center).
G16. Computer-Assisted Interrogation
Principal investigator: Charles T. Meadow, Senior Programmer, Advanced Development Dept., IBM Federal Systems
Division, 18100 Frederick Pike, Gaithersburg, MD 20760.* Associates: D.W. Waugh, F.E. Miller.
Scope: Develop a language for use in man-machine communication including computer-assisted instruction,
documentation, and generation of instruction courses. Method: A programming language based on PL/I has been
developed which can be used for interrogating a responder to collect from him information not previously available to
the computer. It can also be used for writing instructional courses and for assisting authors in the preparation and
documentation of their courses.
Type of computer: IBM 360/40 or IBM 360/50. Size of storage: 256k. Language: PL/I. Special equipment: IBM
2260 display terminal.
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