Computer-aided Tolerancing: Proceedings of the 4th CIRP Design Seminar The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, April 5–6, 1995

338 Pages·1996·8.72 MB·English

by  A. Clément, A. Rivière, P. Serré (auth.), Fumihiko Kimura (eds.)

Computer-aided
Tolerancing
The 4th CIRP Design Seminar on Computer-aided Tolerancing
The University of Tokyo, Sanjo Conference Hall, Tokyo, Japan
April 5-6, 1995
Sponsored by
CIRP (International Institution for Production Engineering Research)
JSPE (Japan Society for Precision Engineers)
ASME (American Society for Mechanical Engineers)
International Program Committee
A Clement (Dassault System, France)
P.Bourdet (ENS de Cachan, France)
H.A.EIMaraghy (University of Windsor, Canada)
I.Ham (Pennsylvania State University, USA)
F.Kimura (The University of Tokyo, Japan, Chairman)
V.Srinivasan (IBM, USA)
R.Weill (Technion, Israel)
A.Wirtz (Neu-Technikum Buchs, Switzerland)
Organizing Committee
F.Kimura (The University of Tokyo, Japan, Chairman)
R.Furutani (Tokyo Denki University, Japan)
M.lnui (lbaraki University, Japan)
S.Kanai (Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan)
H.Suzuki (The University of Tokyo, Japan)
K.Takamasu (The University of Tokyo, Japan)
Computer-aided
Tolerancing
Proceedings of the
4th CIRP Design Seminar
The University of Tokyo,
Tokyo, Japan, April 5-6, 1995
Edited by
Fumihiko Kimura
The University of Tokyo
Iu n I ~:d~~~:'~;: :~~k . Tokyo· Melbo", •. Mad,.,
Published by Chapman & Hall in association with the International
Institution for Production Engineering Research (CIRP)
Published by Chapman &; Ibll, l-6l1oundll'} Row, London SEIIIHN, U K
Chapman &. HaJJ. 2-6 Boundary Ro .... LorxIon SEI IIHN. UK
Chapman &. HaJI GmbH. Pappelallee 3. 69469 Weinheim. Germany
Chapman &. HaJl USA. lIS Filib Avenue. New Y<Kt.. NY 10003. USA
Chapman &. HaJl Japan. rIl'.Japan. Kyow. Building. 3F. 2·2·1 HirakawacOO. Chiyoda·ku.
Tokyo 1m. Japan
Chapman &. HaJI AU$!ralia, 102 Dod<b SlteeI. South M,lhoume. Victoria nos. Ausuali.
Chapman &. HaJIlndia, R. Sesbadri. 32 Second Main Road. CIT East. Madras (I(l()03S. India
First edition 1996
CI 1996 Chapman & Hall
Softcover reprint oflhe hardcover 1S l edition 1996
ISBN·13: 978·94.(110·7183·3 c.[SBN.13: 978·94.(I()9.1529.9
DOl: 10.10071978·94-009'1529·9
Apan from any fair deaJing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism 01'
review. as pennilted undef the UK Copyright Designs and PalcnlS Act. 1983. this publicauOlll
may no! be reproduced. slORd, or tran.mitted. in Illy form or by any means. wilhout tbe prior
penniss;on in writing efthe publisheR. or in the case ofrepropapbic reproclUCtiOlll only in
accordance with tbe wms of the Jio;ell(:C$ issued by the Copyright Ucensing Agency in tbe
UK, 01' io accordance with tbe wms of licences issued by !he lppfOpriaIC Reproduction
Rights Orpniz.ation outsiok the UK. EDquiries con«ming reproo:II.Ituon oulSiok !he tennJ
Slated here should be sem to the publishers ac \be London address printed on this page.
The publisller make. no repre$Clll8lioa. "'-prUI or implied ....i th regard to the accumcy of
tbe information conu.i1lfJd in this 0001<. and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liabi lity
for Illy errors 01' omission. that may be IIlII'k
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Libnlry
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 96-8432S
SPrinted on pelTTtanent acid·free text paper, manufll:tlUed in lI:eo.-dano:e with
ANSIIN1S0 Z39.48·1992 and ANSIINISO Z39.48-1984 (Permanence of Paper).
CONTENTS
International Program Committee and Organizing Committee ii
Preface vii
PART ONE Functional tolerancing 1
1 A declarative infonnation model for functional requirements
A. Clement, A. Riviere and P. Serre 3
2 Constrained dimensioning and tolerancing assistance for mechanism
A. Desrochers and R. Maranzana 17
3 Univocal expression of functional and geometric tolerances for
Design, Manufacturing and Inspection
A. Ballu and L. Mattieu 31
4 A tolerancing tool based on kinematic analogies
O. W. Salomons, H.J. longe Poerink, F. van Slooten
F.l.A.M. van Houten and H.J.J. Kals 47
5 Modelling spatial dimensional chains for CAD/CAM applications
v.T. Portman and R.D. Weill 71
PART TWO Tolerance modelling 87
6 Toleranced feature modelling by constraint of degree of freedom for
assignment of tolerance
T. Maeda and N. Tokuoka 89
7 Quality features in CAD- and CAPP- systems
H.K. Tonshoff and M. Ehrmann 104
PART THREE Modelling geometrical error 117
8 Geometrical behaviour laws for computer-aided tolerancing
p. Bourdet and E. Ballot 119
9 Configuration space based analysis of position uncertainties of
parts in an assembly
M. Inui and M. Miura 132
10 Physically based modelling for evaluating shape variations
H. Suzuki, K. Kase, K. Kato and F. Kimura 147
PART FOUR Statistical tolerancing 157
11 Towards an ISO standard for statistical tolerancing
V. Srinivasan and M. O'Connor 159
vi Contents
12 Statistical process control using vectorial tolerancing
K. Martinsen 173
13 Probabilistic analysis of geometric tolerances
A O. Nassef and AA EIMaraghy 187
14 Taguchi rules in some Japanese standardizations oftolerancing
T. Shibayama 204
PART FIVE Tolerance system 217
15 Tolerance optimization using genetic algorithms: benchmarking
with manual analysis
M.P. Iannuzzi and E. Sandgren 219
16 Optimal tolerance synthesis by genetic algorithm under the machining
and assembling constraints
S. Kanai, M. Onozuka and H. Takahashi 235
17 Holistic approach and advanced techniques & tools for tolerance
analysis & synthesis
J.M. Parks 251
PART SIX Computational metrology 271
18 Data processing method for geometrical forms with form deviations
in Coordinate Metrology
K. Takamasu, l. Fukuda, R. Furutani, J. Hong and S. Ozono 273
19 Algorithmic circularity measurement for fringe analysis and
sub-micron position sensing
J. Pegna and T.P. Hilaire 283
20 Inspection method for geometrical tolerances using coordinate
measuring machine
F. Tanaka, P. Ikonomov, H. Okamoto and T. Kishinami 298
21 A soft gaging approach for complex cases including datum shift analysis
of geometrical tolerances
C. Fortin and J.-F. Chatelain 312
22 An evaluation of geometrical errors by segmentation with fitting form
features
K. Kase, H. Suzuki and F. Kimura 328
Author index 339
Keyword index 341
PREFACE
Theory and practice of tolerances are very important for designing and manufacturing engineering
artifacts on a rational basis. Tolerance specifies a degree of "discrepancy" between an idealized
object and its physical realization. Such discrepancy inevitably comes into our product
realization processes because of practical cost consideration or our inability to fully control
manufacturing processes.
Major product and production characteristics which are affected by tolerances are product quality
and cost. For achieving high precision machines tight tolerance specification is necessary, but
this will normally increase product cost. In order to optimally compromise the conflicting
requirements of quality and cost, it is essential to take into account of the total product life cycle
throughout product planning, design, manufacturing, maintenance and recycling. For example,
in order to construct durable products under severe working conditions, low sensitivity of
product functionality with respect to tolerances is required. In future, re-use of components or
parts will become important, and tolerance synthesis with respect to this aspect will be an
interesting future research topics.
Rational tolerance synthesis and analysis are very complicated issues, especially if the scope of
consideration is expanded into the total product life cycle. Traditionally much effort has been
spent for these issues, but new progress is now expected by the introduction of computer aided
methods in design and manufacturing. By using today's CAD/CAM systems, we can fairly
easily construct models of our target products in their nominal representation. But, current
tolerancing methods are not precise enough to represent products with their allowed variations
under specified tolerances.
We require new ideas and methods for capturing, in computer understandable manner, the
intended engineering semantics of tolerance specification normally represented on engineering
drawings. One basic requirement is to establish a method to represent shape variations under
various disturbing conditions, and to relate such variations with conventional tolerancing
practices for tolerance analysis and synthesis. The other issue may be more fundamental that
product functionality specification should be maintained and should be related with tolerance
descriptions for product realization. These are new and challenging research and development
subjects. Already remarkable technological advances have been achieved, and contemporary
CAD/CAM systems begin to provide such tolerancing capabilities to facilitate designers' tasks.
Key technology for computer aided tolerancing described above will include such topics as
functional tolerance description, formal modelling of tolerancing, modelling of geometrical errors
and variations, statistical tolerancing, computer support systems for tolerancing, and
computational metrology and its relationships with tolerancing. This book is a collection of
relevant papers which are related with the above issues. It contains basic materials relevant for
the introduction to computer aided tolerancing, and it can also serve as a basis for further
advanced researches.
The contents of this book comes from the seminar on Computer-aided Tolerancing organized by
viii Preface
CIRP (International Institution for Production Engineering Research), JSPE (Japan Society for
Precision Engineers) and ASME (American Society for Mechanical Engineers), Tokyo 1995.
This seminar is a successor of the former three seminars held in USA 1989, Israel1991, and
France 1993. The seminar is intended to consolidate and advance our understanding of
tolerancing as distinct technology, and as important tools in the design and manufacturing of
quality products. For expanding the scope of tolerancing to cover the whole product life cycle,
it is necessary to have deep models and comprehensive methods for tolerancing, such as
mathematical models and computational algorithms for tolerancing. Research areas for
metrology, tolerance standards and computer aided tolerancing, mutually interact each other. It
is also an objective of this seminar to provide a forum for researchers of those different areas to
establish a proper way of future collaboration.
We expect that this book will be a good introduction for newcomers to computer aided
tolerancing, as well as CAD/CAM users who like to utilize tolerancing capability in CAD/CAM
systems, and, at the same time, will give a good starting point for advanced research activity.
Finally we would like to express our sincere appreciation to all the contributors and the members
of the International Program Committee and the Organizing Committee for their substantial effort
to make this book available in the present form.
Furnihiko Kimura
PART ONE
Functional Tolerancing
1
A Declarative Information Model for
Functional Requirements
A. Clement
Dassault Systemes,
9 quai Marcel Dassault, BP 310,92156 SURESNES Cedex, FRANCE
A. Riviere
Laboratoire d'Ingenierie Integree des Systemes Industriels (L.I.1.S.1,)
ojISMCM"' ,
3 rue Fernand Hainaut, 93407 SAINT-OUEN Cedex, FRANCE.
P. Serre
Laboratoire d'Ingenierie Integree des Systemes Industriels (L.1.IS.1.)
ojISMCM*,
3 rue Fernand Hainaut, 93407 SAINT-OUEN Cedex, FRANCE.
Phone: [phone]. Fax: [phone].
Abstract
The tolerancing synthesis consists in proposing a part tolerancing diagram directly obtained
from the mechanism good-working conditions. However, tools that can be used to describe the
functional requirements are a few and often very specific. The objective of this paper is then to
propose a mean to define, from a univocal and sufficiently adaptable point of view, all the
functional requirement types a design engineer is brought to specify.
A declarative information model based on TTRSI will be explained using the EXPRESS
language.
Three examples will be examined and described with the EXPRESS-I language:
• Parallelism condition between two gearwheels;
• Waterproofness condition obtained by a sealing ring;
• Assemblability condition for an automatic machine assembly.
Keywords
Functional requirement, mechanism specification, TTRS, EXPRESS, tolerancing synthesis
'Institut Superieur des Materiaux et de la Construction Mecanique.
'Technologically and Topologically Related Surface.