Computational Neuroscience Models of the Basal Ganglia

304 Pages·2018·8.347 MB·English

by  V. Srinivasa Chakravarthy, Ahmed A. Moustafa

Cognitive Science and Technology
V. Srinivasa Chakravarthy 
Ahmed A. Moustafa
Computational
Neuroscience
Models of the
Basal Ganglia
Cognitive Science and Technology
Series editor
David M. W. Powers, Adelaide, Australia
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11554

V. Srinivasa Chakravarthy
Ahmed A. Moustafa
Computational Neuroscience
Models of the Basal Ganglia
123
V.Srinivasa Chakravarthy Ahmed A.Moustafa
Department ofBiotechnology Cognitive andBehavioural Neuroscience
Indian Institute of Technology Madras Western Sydney University
Chennai, Tamil Nadu Sydney,NSW
India Australia
ISSN 2195-3988 ISSN 2195-3996 (electronic)
Cognitive Science andTechnology
ISBN978-981-10-8493-5 ISBN978-981-10-8494-2 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8494-2
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018932536
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Sri Aurobindo and The Mother
V. Srinivasa Chakravarthy
To my family: Marwa, Amr, Rasha,
Mohamed, Kristina, Angelina,
Hasan, and Haneen.
Ahmed A. Moustafa
Acknowledgements
ThankstoProf.JoydeepGhosh,whogavemethefirsttasteofdoingresearchunder
conditions of total freedom, necessary for any creative endeavour.
IamgratefultoProf.ReadMontaguewhohadinspiredmetotakeupacareerin
computationalneuroscience.Thankstohismentorship,Ilearntthatinneuroscience,
even in open and shut cases, there are always radically new ways of looking at a
problem.
I am thankful to my friend and colleague, Prof. S. Bapiraju; the many hours of
inspiring and insightful discussions with him had shaped my understanding of
neuroscience.ThanksarealsoduetoProf.SrinivasaBabuforourcollaborationson
modelling the precision grip.
Thanks to my friends and colleagues in the basal ganglia community whose
excellent work had paved the way to the efforts that led to this book: Dr. Michael
Frank,Dr.JeanetteKotaleski,Dr.AtsushiNambu,Dr.ArvindKumar,tomentiona
few.
I would like to thank my students who worked with me, over the years, on
various aspects of modelling the basal ganglia to Dr. Sridharan Devarajan who
contributedtoourearliesteffortsinthisarea;toDrGangadharGaripelliandDenny
Joseph who were part of our baby steps to create a synthesis of existing compu-
tational ideas of the basal ganglia; to Dr. Maitreye Rengaswamy and Deepika
Sukumarwhoworkedonaspectsofmodellingspatialnavigation;toRaviKrishnan
who worked on modelling saccade generation; to Magdoom Mohammed, Dr.
Shivkesavan Ratnadurai and Dr. Deepak Subramanian, who worked on an early
version of the reaching model; to Sanjeev Kalva who had worked on the signifi-
cance of the STN-GPe dynamics poised on the edge of chaos.
Last but not the least, I would like to thank my wife Indira and daughter Dyuti
for their constant love and support, in matters neural and other.
V. Srinivasa Chakravarthy
vii
viii Acknowledgements
IwouldliketothankProf. Srinivasa Chakravarthyfor always welcomingmeat
his laboratory in Chennai, and also for introducing me to his amazing students,
from whom I have learnt so much about the basal ganglia.
IamverygratefultomyfriendRosalynKarin-D'arcyforhelpingmegetstarted
in my PhD upon arrival to America.
IamverythankfultomyformersupervisorandmentorProf.MichaelFrank,for
teaching me the programming of reinforcement learning models and conducting
experimental research with Parkinson’s disease patients. Michael has opened my
horizon to the field of deep brain stimulation. The time I spent at Michael’s lab-
oratory in Arizona is highly memorable.
Ahmed A. Moustafa
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
V. Srinivasa Chakravarthy and Ahmed A. Moustafa
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 The Molecular, Cellular, and Systems-Level Structure
of the Basal Ganglia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Alekhya Mandali, V. Srinivasa Chakravarthy
and Ahmed A. Moustafa
2.1 Anatomical Structure of Basal Ganglia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.1 Systems-Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.2 Cellular Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3 The Motor, Cognitive, Affective, and Autonomic Functions
of the Basal Ganglia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Ahmed A. Moustafa, Alekhya Mandali,
Pragathi Priyadharsini Balasubramani and V. Srinivasa Chakravarthy
3.1 Motor Processes of the Basal Ganglia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.1.1 Hand—Reaching, Handwriting, Precision Grip. . . . . . . 22
3.1.2 Gait. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.1.3 Saccades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.1.4 Speech and Language. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.2 Cognitive Processes of the Basal Ganglia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.2.1 Action Selection/Decision Making. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.2.2 Attention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.2.3 Working Memory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.2.4 Sequence Learning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.2.5 Sleep Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.3 Mood and Emotional Processes of the Basal Ganglia . . . . . . . . 30
3.3.1 Negative and Positive Affect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.4 Autonomic Processes of the Basal Ganglia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
ix