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COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS Edited by Igor V. Minin and Oleg V. Minin Computational Fluid Dynamics Technologies and Applications Edited by Igor V. Minin and Oleg V. Minin Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Petra Zobić Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Jan Hyrat Image Copyright Zurijeta, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published June, 2011 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected] Computational Fluid Dynamics Technologies and Applications Edited by Igor V. Minin and Oleg V. Minin p. cm. ISBN: 978-953-307-169-5 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Part 1 Modern Principles of CFD 1 Chapter 1 Calculation Experiment Technology 3 Vladilen F. Minin, Igor V. Minin and Oleg V. Minin Chapter 2 Application of Lattice Boltzmann Method in Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer 29 Quan Liao and Tien-Chien Jen Part 2 CFD in Physics 69 Chapter 3 CFD Applications for Predicting Flow Behavior in Advanced Gas Cooled Reactors 71 Donna Post Guillen and Piyush Sabharwall Chapter 4 CFD for Characterizing Standard and Single-use Stirred Cell Culture Bioreactors 97 Stephan C. Kaiser, Christian Löffelholz, Sören Werner and Dieter Eibl Chapter 5 Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for Simulation of Acid Mine Drainage Generation and Subsequent Pollutants Transportation through Groundwater Flow Systems and Rivers 123 Faramarz Doulati Ardejani, Ernest Baafi, Kumars Seif Panahi, Raghu Nath Singh and Behshad Jodeiri Shokri Chapter 6 Computational Flow Modelling of Multiphase Reacting Flow in Trickle-bed Reactors with Applications to the Catalytic Abatement of Liquid Pollutants 161 Rodrigo J.G. Lopes and Rosa M. Quinta-Ferreira VI Contents Chapter 7 Simulating Odour Dispersion about Natural Windbreaks 181 Barrington Suzelle, Lin Xing Jun and Choiniere Denis Part 3 CFD in Industrial 217 Chapter 8 Simulation of Three Dimensional Flows in Industrial Components using CFD Techniques 219 C. Bhasker Chapter 9 Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of Turbulent Flow 255 Pradip Majumdar Chapter 10 Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Propeller Simulation using Computational Fluid Dynamic 293 Muhamad Husaini, Zahurin Samad and Mohd Rizal Arshad Part 4 CFD in Castle 315 Chapter 11 Modelling and Simulation for Micro Injection Molding Process 317 Lei Xie, Longjiang Shen and Bingyan Jiang Chapter 12 Simulation of Liquid Flow Permeability for Dendritic Structures during Solidification Process 333 S. M. H. Mirbagheri, H. Baiani, M. Barzegari and S. Firoozi Chapter 13 Numerical Modelling of Non-metallic Inclusion Separation in a Continuous Casting Tundish 359 Marek Warzecha Chapter 14 Numerical Simulation of Influence of Changing a Dam Height on Liquid Steel Flow and Behaviour of Non-metallic Inclusions in the Tundish 375 Adam Cwudziński . Preface One key figure in fluid dynamics was Archimedes (Greece, 287‐212 BC). He initiated the fields of static mechanics, hydrostatics, and pycnometry (how to measure densities and volumes of objects). One of Archimedes’ inventions is the water screw, which can be used to lift and transport water and granular materials. Leonardo da Vinciʹs ( Italy, 1452‐1519) contributions to fluid mechanics are presented in a nine part treatise (Del moto e misura dell’acqua) that covers the water surface, movement of water, water waves, eddies, falling water, free jets, interference of waves, and many other newly observed phenomena. During 18th and 19th century period, significant work was done trying to mathematically describe the motion of fluids:  Daniel Bernoulli (1700‐1782) derived Bernoulli’s equation.  Leonhard Euler (1707‐1783) proposed the Euler equations, which describe conservation of momentum for an inviscid fluid, and conservation of mass. He also proposed the velocity potential theory.  Claude Louis Marie Henry Navier (1785‐1836) and George Gabriel Stokes (1819‐ 1903) introduced viscous transport into the Euler equations, which resulted in the Navier‐Stokes equation. This forms the basis of modern day CFD.  Osborne Reynolds (1842‐1912) introduces Reynolds number, which is the ratio between inertial and viscous forces in a fluid. This governs the transition from laminar to turbulent flow. Much work was done on refining theories of boundary layers and turbulence in the 20th century:  Ludwig Prandtl (1875‐1953): boundary layer theory, the mixing length concept, compressible flows, the Prandtl number, and more.  Theodore von Karman (1881‐1963) analyzed what is now known as the von Karman vortex street. X Preface  Geoffrey Taylor (1886‐1975): statistical theory of turbulence and the Taylor mi‐ croscale.  Andrey Kolmogorov (1903‐1987): the Kolmogorov scales and the universal ener‐ gy spectrum.  George Keith Batchelor (1920‐2000): contributions to the theory of homogeneous turbulence. In 1922, Lewis Fry Richardson developed the first numerical weather prediction sys‐ tem:  Division of space into grid cells and the finite difference approximations of Bjerknesʹs ʺprimitive differential equations.”  His own attempt to calculate weather for a single eight‐hour period took six weeks and ended in failure. During the 1960s the theoretical division at Los Alamos contributed many numerical methods that are still in use today, such as the following methods:  Particle‐In‐Cell (PIC).  Marker‐and‐Cell (MAC).  Vorticity‐Streamfunction Methods.  Arbitrary Lagrangian‐Eulerian (ALE). Hence these methods were taken up as a basis for developing a new method – the method of individual particles (1979, developed under the scientific leaderships of Prof. Vladilen F. Minin, Russia) to extend the areas of applicability of the particle methods. The development of modern computational fluid dynamics (CFD) began with the ad‐ vent of the digital computer in the early 1950s. CFD is the science of determining a numerical solution to the governing equations of fluid flow whilst advancing the solu‐ tion through space and time to obtain a numerical description of the complete flow field of interest. CFD is becoming a critical part of the design process for more and more companies. CFD makes it possible to evaluate velocity, pressure, temperature, and species concentration of fluid flow throughout a solution domain, allowing the design to be optimized prior to the prototype phase. So CFD is developing rapidly in its technology and applications. Its use can cut design times, increase productivity and give significant insight to fluid flows. On the other hand Computational Fluid Dynam‐ ics has traditionally been one of the most demanding computational applications. It has therefore been the driver for the development of the most powerful computers.