Comprehensive Organic Synthesis - Selectivity, Strategy and Efficiency in Modern Organic Chemistry 1: Additions to C-X[pi]-Bonds PDF
Preview Comprehensive Organic Synthesis - Selectivity, Strategy and Efficiency in Modern Organic Chemistry 1: Additions to C-X[pi]-Bonds
Contents of All Volumes Volume 1 Additions to C-X Ir-Bonds, Part 1 Nonstabilized Carbanion Equivalents 1.1 Carbanions of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Cations: (i) Synthesis and Strucaual characterization 1.2 Carbanions of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Cations: (ii) Selectivity of Carbonyl Addition Reactions 1.3 Organoaluminum Reagents 1.4 Organacopper Reagents 1.5 Organotitanium and OrganozirconiumR eagents 1.6 Organochromium Reagents 1.7 Organozinc, Organocadmium and Organomercury Reagents 1.8 Organocerium Reagents 1.9 Samarium and Ytterbium Reagents 1.10 Lewis Acid Carbonyl Complexation 1.1 1 Lewis Acid Promoted Addition Reactions of Organometallic Compounds 1.12 Nucleophilic Addition to Imines and Imine Derivatives 1.13 Nucleophilic Addition to Carboxylic Acid Derivatives Heteroatom-stabilizedC arbanionE quivalents 2.1 Nitrogen Stabilization 2.2 Boron Stabilization 2.3 Sulfur Stabilization 2.4 The Benzoin and Related Acyl Anion Equivalent Reactions 2.5 Silicon Stabilization 2.6 Selenium Stabilization Transformationo f the Carbonyl Group into Nonhydroxylic Groups 3.1 Alkene Synthesis 3.2 Epoxidation and Related Processes 3.3 Skeletal Reorganizations: Chain Extension and Ring Expansion Author Index Subject Index Volume 2 Additions to C YIr- Bonds, Part 2 Uncatalyzed Additions of Nucleophilic Alkenes to C-X 1.1 Allyl Organometallics 1.2 Heteroatom-stabilizedA llylic Anions 1.3 Propargyl and Allenyl Organometallics 1.4 Formation of Enolates 1.5 The Aldol Reaction: Acid and General Base Catalysis 1.6 The Aldol Reaction: Group I and Group I1 Enolates 1.7 The Aldol Reaction: Group 111 Enolates 1.8 Zinc Enolates: the Reformatsky and Blaise Reactions 1.9 The Aldol Reaction: Transition Metal Enolates 1.10 The Henry (Nitroaldol) Reaction 1.11 The Knoevenagel Reaction 1.12 The Perkin Reaction 1.13 Danens Glycidic Ester Condensation 1.14 Metal Homoenolates 1.15 Use of Enzymatic Aldol Reactions in Synthesis 1.16 Metalloenamines xv xvi Contents of All Volumes 1.17 Hydrazone Anions Catalyzed Additions of Nucleophilic Alkenes to C=X 2.1 The Prins and Carbonyl Ene Reactions 2.2 Allylsilanes, Allylstannanes and Related Systems 2.3 Formation and Addition Reactions of Enol Ethers 2.4 Asymmetric Synthesis with Enol Ethers 2.5 Reactions of Activated Dienes with Aldehydes Addition-Elimination Reactions (Acylations) 3.1 The Aliphatic Friedel-Crafts Reaction 3.2 The Bimolecular Aromatic Friedel-Crafts Reaction 3.3 The Intramolecular Aromatic Friedel-Crafts Reaction 3.4 The Reimer-Tiemann Reaction 3.5 The Vilsmeier-Haack Reaction 3.6 Acylation of Esters, Ketones and Nitriles 3.7 The Eschenmoser Coupling Reaction Additions of Nucleophilic Alkenes to C d Ran d CdR2' 4.1 The Bimolecular Aliphatic Mannich and Related Reactions 4.2 The Bimolecular Aromatic Mannich Reaction 4.3 Reactions of Allyl and Propargyl/Allenic Organometallics with Imines and Iminium Ions 4.4 The Intramolecular Mannich and Related Reactions 4.5 Additions to N-Acyliminium Ions 4.6 The Passerini and Ugi Reactions Author Index Subject Index Volume 3 Carbon-Carbon a-Bond Formation Alkylation of Carbon 1.1 Alkylations of Enols and Enolates 1.2 Alkylations of Nitrogen-stabilizedC arbanions 1.3 Alkylations of Sulfur- and Selenium-containingC arbanions 1.4 Alkylations of Other Heteroatom-stabilized Carbanions 1.5 Alkylations of Nonstabilized Carbanions 1.6 Alkylations of Vinyl Carbanions 1.7 Alkylations of Alkynyl Carbanions 1.8 Friedel-Crafts Alkylations 1.9 Polyene Cyclizations 1.10 Transannular Electrophilic Cyclizations Coupling Reactions 2.1 Coupling Reactions Between sp3 Carbon Centers 2.2 Coupling Reactions Between s$ and sp2 Carbon Centers 2.3 Coupling Reactions Between s$ Carbon Centers 2.4 Coupling Reactions Between s$ and sp Carbon Centers 2.5 Coupling Reactions Between sp Carbon Centers 2.6 Pinacol Coupling Reactions 2.7 Acyloin Coupling Reactions 2.8 Kolbe Reactions 2.9 Oxidative Coupling of Phenols and Phenol Ethers Rearrangement Reactions 3.1 Wagner-Meenvein Rearrangements Contents of All Volumes xvii 3.2 The Pinacol Rearrangement 3.3 Acid-catalyzed Rearrangementso f Epoxides 3.4 The Semipinacol and Other Rearrangements 3.5 Dienone-Phenol Rearrangements and Related Reactions 3.6 Benzil-Benzilic Acid Rearrangements 3.7 The Favorskii Rearrangement 3.8 The Ramberg-Backlund Rearrangement 3.9 The Wolff Rearrangement 3.10 The Stevens and Related Rearrangements 3.11 The Wittig Rearrangement Other Carbon-Carbon Bond Forming Reactions 4.1 Carhnylation and Decarbonylation Reactions 4.2 Carbon-Carhn Bond Formation by C-H Insertion Author Index Subject Index Volume 4 Additions to and Substitutions at C-C w-Bonds Polar Additions to Activated Alkenes and Alkynes 1.1 Stabilized Nucleophiles with Electron Deficient Alkenes and Alkynes 1.2 Conjugate Additions of Reactive Carbanions to Activated Alkenes and Alkynes 1.3 Conjugate Additions of Carbon Ligands to Activated Alkenes and Alkynes Mediated by Lewis Acids 1.4 Organocuprates in the Conjugate Addition Reaction 1.5 Asymmetric Nucleophilic Additions to Electron Deficient Alkenes 1.6 Nucleophilic Addition-Electrophilic Coupling with a Carbanion Intermediate 1.7 Addition of H-X Reagents to Alkenes and Alkynes 1.8 Electrophilic Addition of X-Y Reagents to Alkenes and Alkynes 1.9 Electrophilic Heteroatom Cyclizations Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitutions 2.1 Arene Substitution via Nucleophilic Addition to Electron Deficient Arenes 2.2 Nucleophilic Coupling with Aryl Radicals 2.3 Nucleophilic Coupling with Arynes 2.4 Nucleophilic Addition to Arene-Metal Complexes Polar Additions to Alkenes and Alkynes 3.1 Heteroatom Nucleophiles with Metal-activated Alkenes and Alkynes 3.2 Carbon Nucleophiles with Alkenes and Alkynes 3.3 Nucleophiles with Allyl-Metal Complexes 3.4 Nucleophiles with Cationic Pentadienyl-Metal Complexes 3.5 Carbon Electrophiles with Dienes and Polyenes Promoted by Transition Metals Nonpolar Additions to Alkenes and Alkynes 4.1 Radical Addition Reactions 4.2 Radical Cyclizations and Sequential Radical Reactions 4.3 Vinyl Substitutions with Organopalladium Intermediates 4.4 Carbometallation of Alkenes and Alkynes 4.5 Hydroformylation and Related Additions of Carbon Monoxide to Alkenes and Alkynes 4.6 Methylene and Nonfunctionalized Alkylidene Transfer to Form Cyclopropanes 4.7 Formation and Further Transformationso f 1.1-Dihalocyclopropanes 4.8 Addition of Ketocarbenes to Alkenes, Alkynes and Aromatic Systems 4.9 Intermolecular 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions 4.10 Intramolecular 1.3-Dipolar Cycloadditions xviii Contents of All Volumes Author Index Subject Index Volume 5 Combining C-Cw Bonds Ene Reactions 1.1 Ene Reactions with Alkenes as Enophiles 1.2 Metallo-ene Reactions + [2 21 Cycloadditions 2.1 Thermal Cyclobutane Ring Formation 2.2 Formation of Four-membered Heterocycles 2.3 Photochemical Cycloadditions 2.4 The Paterno-Biichi Reaction 2.5 Di-=-methane Photoisomerizations 2.6 Oxa-di-=-methane Photoisomerizations [3 + 21 Cycloadditions 3.1 Thermal Cycloadditions 3.2 Transition Metal Mediated Cycloadditions + [4 21 Cycloadditions 4.1 Intermolecular Diels-Alder Reactions 4.2 Heterodienophile Additions to Dienes 4.3 Heterodiene Additions 4.4 Intramolecular Diels-Alder Reactions 4.5 Retrograde Diels-Alder Reactions Higher-order Cycloadditions 5.1 [4 + 31 Cycloadditions + + 5.2 [4 41 and [6 41 Cycloadditions 5.3 [3 + 23 and [5 + 21 Arene-Alkene Photocycloadditions Electrocyclic Processes 6.1 Cyclobutene Ring Opening Reactions 6.2 1,3-CyclohexadieneF ormation Reactions 6.3 Nazarov and Related Cationic Cyclizations Sigmatropic Processes 7.1 Cope, Oxy-Cope and Anionic Oxy-Cope Rearrangements 7.2 Claisen Rearrangements 7.3 Consecutive Rearrangements Small Ring Rearrangements 8.1 Rearrangements of Vinylcyclopropanesa nd Related Systems 8.2 Rearrangements of Divinylcyclopropanes 8.3 Charge-acceleratedR earrangements Other Transition Metal Associated Reactions 9.1 The Pauson-Khand Reaction 9.2 Metal-Carbene Cycloadditions 9.3 Alkene Metathesis and Related Reactions + + 9.4 [2 2 21 Cycloadditions 9.5 Zirconium-promotedB icyclization of Enynes 9.6 Metal-catalyzed Cycloadditions of Small Ring Compounds Contents of All Volumes XiX Author Index Subject Index Volume 6 Heteroatom Manipulation Displacement by Substitution Processes 1.1 Synthesis of Alcohols and Ethers 1.2 Synthesis of Glycosides 1.3 Synthesis of Amines and Ammonium Salts 1.4 Synthesis of Nitroso, Nitro and Related Compounds 1.5 Synthesis of Sulfides, Sulfoxides and Sulfones 1.6 Synthesis of Phosphonium Ylides 1.7 Synthesis of Halides 1.8 Synthesis of Pseudohalides, Nitriles and Related Compounds 1.9 Ritter-type Reactions Acylation-ope Reactions 2.1 Synthesis of Acid Halides, Anhydrides and Related Compounds 2.2 Synthesis of Esters, Activated Esters and Lactones 2.3 Synthesis of Amides and Related Compounds 2.4 Synthesis of Thioamides and Thiolactams 2.5 Synthesis of Thioesters and Thiolactones 2.6 Selenoesters of All Oxidation States 2.7 Synthesis of Iminium Salts, Orthoesters and Related Compounds 2.8 Inorganic Acid Derivatives Protecting Groups 3.1 Protecting Groups Functional Group Interconversion 4.1 Carbonyl Group Derivatization 4.2 Use of Carbonyl Derivatives for Heterocyclic Synthesis 4.3 Functional Group Transformations via Carbonyl Derivatives 4.4 Degradation Reactions 4.5 Functional Group Transformations via Allyl Rearrangement 4.6 2.3-Sigmatropic Rearrangements 4.7 Polonovski- and Pummerer-type Reactions and the Nef Reaction Elimination Reactions 5.1 Eliminations to Form Alkenes, Allenes and Alkynes and Related Reactions 5.2 Reductive Elimination, Vicinal Deoxygenation and Vicinal Desilylation 5.3 The Cope Elimination, Sulfoxide Elimination and Related Thermal Reactions 5.4 Fragmentation Reactions Author Index Subject Index Volume 7 Oxidation Oxidation of Unactivated C-H Bonds 1.1 Oxidation by Chemical Methods 1.2 Oxidation by Nitrene Insertion 1.3 Oxidation by Remote Functionalization Methods 1.4 Oxidation by Microbial Methods xx Contents of A11 Volumes Oxidation of Activated C--H Bonds 2.1 Oxidation Adjacent to C==C Bonds 2.2 Oxidation Adjacent to C-X Bonds by Dehydrogenation 2.3 Oxidation Adjacent to C-X Bonds by Hydroxylation Methods 2.4 Oxidation Adjacent to Sulfur 2.5 Oxidation Adjacent to Nitrogen 2.6 Oxidation Adjacent to Oxygen of Ethers 2.7 Oxidation Adjacent to Oxygen of Alcohols by Chromium Reagents 2.8 Oxidation Adjacent to Oxygen of Alcohols by Activated DMSO Methods 2.9 Oxidation Adjacent to Oxygen of Alcohols by Other Methods 2.10 Vinylic and Arylic C-H Oxidation 2.1 1 Synthesis of Quinones Oxidation of C=C Bonds 3.1 Addition Reactions with Formation of Carbon-Oxygen Bonds: (i) General Methods of Epoxidation 3.2 Addition Reactions with Formation of Carbon-Oxygen Bonds: (ii) Asymmetric Methods of Epoxidation 3.3 Addition Reactions with Formation of Carbon-Oxygen Bonds: (iii) Glycol Forming Reactions 3.4 Addition Reactions with Formation of Carbon-Oxygen Bonds: (iv) The Wacker Oxidation and Related Reactions 3.5 Addition Reactions with Formation of Carbon-Nitrogen Bonds 3.6 Addition Reactions with Formation of CarbonSulfur or Carbon-Selenium Bonds 3.7 Addition Reactions with Formation of Carbon-Halogen Bonds 3.8 Cleavage Reactions Oxidation of C-X Bonds 4.1 Oxidation of Carbon-Boron Bonds 4.2 Oxidation of Carbon-Metal Bonds 4.3 Oxidation of Carbon-Silicon Bonds 4.4 Oxidation of Carbon-Halogen Bonds Oxidation of C-C Bonds 5.1 The Baeyer-Villiger Reaction 5.2 The Beckmann and Related Reactions 5.3 Glycol Cleavage Reactions 5.4 The Hunsdiecker and Related Reactions Oxidation of Heteroatoms 6.1 Oxidation of Nitrogen and Phosphorus 6.2 Oxidation of Sulfur, Selenium and Tellurium Special Topics 7.1 Oxidation by Electrochemical Methods 7.2 Oxidative Rearrangement Reactions 7.3 Solid-supported Oxidants 7.4 Electron-transfer Oxidation Author Index Subject Index Volume 8 Reduction Reduction of C-X Bonds 1.1 Reduction of C-0 to CHOH by Metal Hydrides Contents of All Volumes xxi 1.2 Reduction of b Nto CHNH by Metal Hydrides 1.3 Reduction of C=X to CHXH by Hydride Delivery from Carbon 1.4 Reduction of b Xto CHXH by Dissolving Metals and Related Methods 1.5 Reduction of b Xto CHXH Electrolytically 1.6 Reduction of b X to CHXH by Catalytic Hydrogenation 1.7 Reduction of C-X to CHXH by Chirally Modified Hydride Reagents 1.8 Reduction of b Xto CHXH Using Enzymes and Microorganisms 1.9 Reduction of Acetals, Azaacetals and Thioacetals to Ethers 1.10 Reduction of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives to Alcohols, Ethers and Amines 1.11 Reduction of Carboxylic Acids to Aldehydes by Metal Hydrides 1.12 Reduction of Carboxylic Acids to Aldehydes by Other Methods 1.13 Reduction of b Xto CH2 by Dissolving Metals and Related Methods 1.14 Reduction of CLX to CH2 by Wolff-Kishner and Other Hydrazone Methods Reduction of X-Y Bonds 2.1 Reduction of Nitro and Nitroso Compounds 2.2 Reduction of N=N, N-N, N - Oa nd 0-0 Bonds 2.3 Reduction of S-0 and SO2 to S, of P=O to P, and of S-X to S-H Reduction of C==C and C=C Bonds 3.1 Heterogeneous Catalytic Hydrogenation of C=C and C=C 3.2 Homogeneous Catalytic Hydrogenation of C=C and c-=C 3.3 Reduction of CIC and C 4by Noncatalytic Chemical Methods 3.4 Partial Reduction of Aromatic Rings by Dissolving Metals and Other Methods 3.5 Partial Reduction of Enones, Styrenes and Related Systems 3.6 Partial and Complete Reduction of Pyridines and their Benzo Analogs 3.7 Partial and Complete Reduction of Pyrroles, Furans, Thiophenes and their Benzo Analogs 3.8 Partial and Complete Reduction of Heterocycles Containing More than One Heteroatom 3.9 Hydrozirconation of c----C and c--C,a nd Hydrometallation by Other Metals 3.10 Hydroboration of C-C and c--C 3.1 1 Hydroalumination of C-C and C d 3.12 Hydrosilylation of C=C and C=C Reduction of C-X to C-H 4.1 Reduction of Saturated Alkyl Halides to Alkanes 4.2 Reduction of Saturated Alcohols and Amines to Alkanes 4.3 Reduction of Heteroatoms Bonded to Tetrahedral Carbon 4.4 Reduction of Epoxides 4.5 Reduction of Vinyl Halides to Alkenes, and of Aryl Halides to Arenes 4.6 Reduction of Ketones to Alkenes 4.7 Hydrogenolysis of Allyl and Benzyl Halides and Related Compounds 4 x 4 0 - 4.8 Reduction of a-Substituted Carbonyl Compounds to Carbonyl Compounds 4 H 4 0 - Author Index Subject Index Volume 9 Cumulative Author Index Cumulative Subject Index COMPREHENSIVE ORGANIC SYNTHESIS Selectivity, Strategy & Efficiency in Modem Organic Chemistry Edi tor-in-Chief BARRY M. TROST Stanford University, CA, USA Deputy Edit or-in-Ch ief IANFLEMING University of Cambridge, UK Volume 1 ADDITIONS TO C-X T-BONDS, PART 1 Volume Editor STUART L. SCHREIBER Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA PERGAMON PRESS OXFORD NEW YORK SEOUL TOKYO 0 0 Pergamon is an imprint of Elsevier The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1G B, UK Radarweg 29, PO Box 2 1 1, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands First edition 199 1 Reprinted 1993,1999,2002,2005,2006,2007 Copyright 0 1991 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax: (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: [email protected] lternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.comllocate/permissions,a nd selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury andor damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Comprehensive organic synthesis 3. Organic compounds. Synthesis I. Trost, Barry M. (Barry Martin) 1941- 547.2 Comprehensive organic synthesis: selectivity, strategy and efficiency in modem organic chemistry/editor[s] Barry M, Trost, Ian Fleming. p. cm. Includes indexes. Contents: Vol. I. - 2. Additions to C-X[pi]-Bonds - v. 3. Carbon-carbon sigma-Bond formation - v. 4. Additions to and substitutions at C-C[pi]-Bonds - v. 5. Combining C-C[pi]-Bonds - v. 6. Heteroatom manipulation - v. 7. Oxidation - v. 8. Reduction - v. 9. Cumulative indexes. 3. Organic Compounds - Synthesis I. Trost, Barry M. 1941- 11. Fleming, Ian. 1935- QD262.C535 1991 547.24~20 90-2662 1 ISBN-13: 978-0-08-040592-6 (Vol 1) ISBN-IO: 0-08-040592-4 (Vol 1) ISBN- 0-08-035929-9 (set) For information on all Pergamon publications visit our website at books.elsevier.com Printed and bound in The Netherlands 07 08 09 10 10 9 8 7 Working together to grow libraries in developing countries 1 1 www.clsrvier.com 1 www.bookaid.org I www.sahre.org Preface The emergence of organic chemistry as a scientific discipline heralded a new era in human develop ment. Applications of organic chemistry contributed significantly to satisfying the basic needs for food, clothing and shelter. While expanding our ability to cope with our basic needs remained an important goal, we could, for the first time, wony about the quality of life. Indeed, there appears to be an excellent correlation between investment in research and applications of organic chemistry and the standard of liv- ing. Such advances arise from the creation of compounds and materials. Continuation of these contribu- tions requires a vigorous effort in research and development, for which information such as that provided by the Comprehensive series of Pergamon Press is a valuable resource. Since the publication in 1979 of Comprehensive Organic Chemistry, it has become an important first source of information. However, considering the pace of advancements and the ever-shrinking timeframe in which initial discoveries are rapidly assimilated into the basic fabric of the science, it is clear that a new treatment is needed. It was tempting simply to update a series that had been so successful. However, this new series took a totally different approach. In deciding to embark upon Comprehensive Organic Synthesis, the Editors and Publisher recognized that synthesis stands at the heart of organic chemistry. The construction of molecules and molecular systems transcends many fields of science. Needs in electronics, agriculture, medicine and textiles, to name but a few, provide a powerful driving force for more effective ways to make known materials and for routes to new materials. Physical and theoretical studies, extrapolations from current knowledge, and serendipity all help to identify the direction in which research should be moving. All of these forces help the synthetic chemist in translating vague notions to specific structures, in executing complex multistep sequences, and in seeking new knowledge to develop new reactions and reagents. The increasing degree of sophistication of the types of problems that need to be addressed require increasingly complex molecular architecture to target better the function of the re- sulting substances. The ability to make such substances available depends upon the sharpening of our sculptors’ tools: the reactions and reagents of synthesis. The Volume Editors have spent great time and effort in considering the format of the work. The inten- tion is to focus on transformations in the way that synthetic chemists think about their problems. In terms of organic molecules, the work divides into the formation of carbon-carbon bonds, the introduction of heteroatoms, and heteroatom interconversions. Thus, Volumes 1-5 focus mainly on carbon-carbon bond formation, but also include many aspects of the introduction of heteroatoms. Volumes 6-8 focus on interconversion of heteroatoms, but also deal with exchange of carbon-carbon bonds for carbon- heteroatom bonds. The Editors recognize that the assignment of subjects to any particular volume may be arbitrary in part. For example, reactions of enolates can be considered to be additions to C-C .rr-bonds. However, the vastness of the field leads it to be subdivided into components based upon the nature of the bond- forming process. Some subjects will undoubtedly appear in more than one place. In attacking a synthetic target, the critical question about the suitability of any method involves selec- . tivity: chemo-, regio-, diastereo- and enantio-selectivity Both from an educational point-of-view for the reader who wants to leam about a new field, and an experimental viewpoint for the practitioner who seeks a reference source for practical information, an organization of the chapters along the theme of selectivity becomes most informative. The Editors believe this organization will help emphasize the common threads that underlie many seemingly disparate areas of organic chemisq. The relationships among various transformations becomes clearer md the applicability of transformations across a large number of compound classes becomes apparent. Thus, it is intended that an integration of many specialized areas such as terpenoid, heterocyclic, carbohydrate, nucleic acid chemistry, etc. within the more general transformation class will provide an impetus to the consideration of methods to solve problems outside the traditional ones for any specialist. In general, presentation of topics concentrates on work of the last decade. Reference to earlier work, as necessary and relevant, is made by citing key reviews. All topics in organic synthesis cannot be treated with equal depth within the constraints of any single series. Decisions as to which aspects of a vii
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