Comprehensive Nanoscience and Technology. Volume 5. Self Assembly and Nanochemistry PDF
Preview Comprehensive Nanoscience and Technology. Volume 5. Self Assembly and Nanochemistry
Editors-in-Chief David L. Andrews SchoolofChemicalSciences,UniversityofEastAnglia,Norwich,UK Gregory D. Scholes DepartmentofChemistry,UniversityofToronto,Toronto,ON,Canada Gary P. Wiederrecht CenterforNanoscaleMaterials,ArgonneNationalLaboratory,Argonne,IL,USA Editors-in-Chief: Biographies DavidAndrewsisProfessorofChemicalPhysicsattheUniversityofEastAnglia,whereheleadsatheorygroup conducting wide-ranging research on fundamental photonics, fluorescence and energy transport, nonlinear optics and optomechanical forces. He has 250 research papers and ten other books to his name, and he is a regularlyinvitedspeakeratinternationalmeetings.InNorthAmericaandEuropehehasorganizedandchaired numerous international conferences on nanoscience and technology. Professor Andrews is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry, the Institute of Physics, and the SPIE – the international society for optics and photonics.Inhissparetimeheenjoysrelaxingwithfamilyandfriends;healsoisakeenpainteroftheBritish landscape.Hisotherinterestsgenerallycentreonmusic,artandgraphics,andwriting. GregScholesisaProfessorattheUniversityofTorontointheDepartmentofChemistry.Hispresentresearch focuses on elucidating the principles deciding electronic structure, optical properties, and photophysics of nanoscalesystemsbycombiningsynthesis,theory,andultrafastlaserspectroscopy.Recentawardshonoringhis researchachievementsincludeelectiontotheAcademyofSciences,RoyalSocietyofCanadain2009,the2007 Royal Society of Canada Rutherford Medal in Chemistry, a 2007 NSERC Steacie Fellowship, the 2006 vii viii Editors-in-ChiefBiographies Canadian Society of Chemistry Keith Laidler Award, and an Alfred P. Sloan Fellowship (2005–2006). Dr. ScholesservesasaSeniorEditorfortheJournalofPhysicalChemistryandAssociateEditorfortheJournalof Nanophotonics.Heenjoysbasketball,hiking,photography,familyandfriends. GaryWiederrechtistheGroupLeaderoftheNanophotonicsGroupintheCenterforNanoscaleMaterialsat Argonne National Laboratory. His research interests center on the photochemistry and photophysics of nanoparticles and periodic assemblies, hybrid nanostructures, photochemical energy conversion, and non- linear optical responses resulting from photoinduced charge separation. His experimental expertise is in the areas of ultrafast optical spectroscopy and scanning probe microscopy, including near-field scanning optical microscopy. He has received an R&D100 award, the Department of Energy Young Scientist Award, and the PresidentialEarlyCareerAwardforScientistsandEngineers.Hehasauthoredorco-authoredapproximately 80 peer-reviewed research articles, and works collaboratively with scientists around the world. He enjoys traveling,nature,andspendingtimewithhisfamily. VOLUME EDITORS AlexandreBouhelier InsititutCarnotdeBourgogne,Universite´ deBourgogne, Dijon,France FrankCaruso TheUniversityofMelbourne,Parkville,VIC,Australia DuncanH.Gregory UniversityofGlasgow,Glasgow,UK BrentP.Kreuger HopeCollege,Holland,MI,USA ThomasNann UniversityofEastAnglia,Norwich,UK TeriW.Odom NorthwesternUniversity,Evanston,IL,USA JohnC.Polanyi UniversityofToronto,Toronto,ON,Canada JohnA.Rogers UniversityofIllinois,Urbana,IL,USA TakaoSomeya TheUniversityofTokyo,Tokyo,Japan YugangSun CenterforNanoscaleMaterials,ArgonneNationalLaboratory, Argonne,IL,USA RienkVanGrondelle VUUniversity,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands ZeevValentineVardeny UniversityofUtah,SaltLakeCity,UT,USA GilbertC.Walker UniversityofToronto,Toronto,ON,Canada ix Preface to Volume 5 Self-assembly and nanochemistry go hand-in-hand. Nanochemistry uses the principles and methods of chemistry to assemble complex nanoscale systems. New materials formed in this manner are envisioned to playanimportantroleinfuturedirectionsofresearch,innovation,andmanufacturingbecausethesematerial systems can be produced with desirable properties integrated. Part of the attraction is the sophistication of functionality that can be engineered into nanoscale materials. For example, optimized, photostable fluoro- phoreshavebeendemonstratedthatareeasilysolutionprocessedandfunctionalizedtobindspecificanalytes. Whiletheamateurscientistwillhaveheardofmany(sofar)fictionalwondernanomaterialsinthisvein,many exquisite state-of-the-art examples are described in this volume. The power of self-assembly is that such sophisticatedsystemscanbeconstructedautomatically,overahierarchyoflengthscales,throughthecontrolof intermolecular forces.Assembly could not otherwise be achieved in any practical fashion because of the tiny dimensions involved. Polymer chemistry has played a central role in establishing important underlying concepts. These ideas have evolved and diversified, and the incredible control of the chemist is evident in templatingmethodsunderpinningsoftlithographyandmesostructuredinverseopalmaterials. Thebreadthofmolecules,chemistry,andmaterialsthatarebeingdiscoveredinthisfieldisstunning.This volume of Comprehensive Nanoscience and Technology will give the reader a sense of the cutting-edge directions presently being explored in the area classified as ‘self-assembly and nanochemistry’. At the same time, accessible introductions to these topics are provided. Thespecialist will be inspired by the detailedaccounts presented in these chapters, with topics ranging from the molecular-scale organization of mesogens, amphi- philes and polymers, to the preparation and functionalization of fullerenes, nanocrystals, and zeolites, to the assembly of sophisticated capsules, mesostructures, nanocomposites, and emulsions. The general reader will appreciate why contributions to this field have multiplied many times over the past decade, transforming materialschemistryintothevividandexcitingfielditistoday. GregoryD.Scholes xxviii Foreword Nanotechnology and its underpinning sciences are progressing with unprecedented rapidity. With technical advancesinavarietyofnanoscalefabricationandmanipulationtechnologies,thewholetopicalareaismaturing intoavibrantfieldthatisgeneratingnewscientificresearchandaburgeoningrangeofcommercialapplications, withanannualmarketalreadyatthetrilliondollarthreshold.Themeansoffabricatingandcontrollingmatter onthenanoscaleaffordstrikingandunprecedentedopportunitiestoexploitavarietyofexoticphenomenasuch as quantum, nanophotonic, and nanoelectromechanical effects. Moreover, researchers are elucidating new perspectives on the electronic and optical properties of matter because of the way that nanoscale materials bridge the disparate theories describing molecules and bulk matter. Surface phenomena also gain a greatly increased significance; even the well-known link between chemical reactivity and surface-to-volume ratio becomesamajordeterminantofphysicalproperties,whenitoperatesovernanoscaledimensions. Against this background, this comprehensive work is designed to address the need for a dynamic, author- itative,andreadilyaccessiblesourceofinformation,capturingthefullbreadthofthesubject.Itsfivevolumes, coveringabroadspectrumofdisciplinesincludingmaterialsciences,chemistry,physics,andlifesciences,have been written and edited by an outstanding team of international experts. Addressing an extensive, cross- disciplinaryaudience,eachchapteraimstocoverkeydevelopmentsinascholarly,readable,andcriticalstyle, providing an indispensible first point of entry to the literature for scientists and technologists from inter- disciplinaryfields.Theworkfocusesonthemajorclassesofnanomaterialsintermsoftheirsynthesis,structure, and applications, reviewing nanomaterials and their respective technologies in well-structured and compre- hensivearticleswithextensivecross-references. Ithasbeenaconstantsurpriseanddelighttohavefound,amongtherapidlyescalatingnumberwhoworkin nanoscienceandtechnology,somanyhighlyesteemedauthorswillingtocontribute.Sharingouranticipationof a major addition to the literature, they have also captured the excitement of the field itself in each carefully crafted chapter. Along with our painstaking and meticulous volume editors, full credit for the success of this enterprisemustgototheseindividuals,togetherwithourthanksfor(largely)adheringtothegivendeadlines. Lastly, we record our sincere thanks and appreciation for the skills and professionalism of the numerous Elsevierstaffwhohavebeeninvolvedinthisproject,notablyFionaGeraghty,MeganPalmer,LauraJackson, andGregHarris,andespeciallyDonnaDeWeerd-Wilsonwhohassteereditthroughfromitsinception.We havegreatlyenjoyedworkingwiththemall,aswehavewitheachother. DavidL.Andrews GregoryD.Scholes GaryP.Wiederrecht xxiii Permission Acknowledgments ThefollowingmaterialisreproducedwithkindpermissionofNaturePublishingGroup Figures7(a-c),14(a,b)and15(a-d)ofAssemblyofNanoparticles Figures5(a,b),7and8ofCarbonNanotubes:ElectronicStructureandSpectroscopy Figures1(a-c),6(a-c),8(left),8(a,b:right),15,16(a,b),23(left),29and31ofOrganicSpintronics Figures5(a-d),8,9and42ofQuantumDots:SynthesisandCharacterization Figure8ofInorganicNanowires Figure37ofMagneticNanoparticles Figures1,2,8,15(a-h),16(a-f),21,25(a,b),29(a,b)and31ofPeriodicMesoporousMaterials:HolesFilledwith Opportunities Figures13and17(a-h)ofNanocrystalSynthesis Figure13ofMesogensandMesophases Figures16(a,b)ofNanoparticlesforPhotodynamicTherapy Figures8(a-d),14(a-e)and32(a-d)ofPhotonicNanoparticlesforCellularandTissularLabeling Figures6a,6cand10ofFo¨rsterResonanceEnergyTransfer Figures4cand6(a-c)ofTissueEngineering Figures8a,9(a-c)and12(a,b)ofProteinNanomechanics Figures11and12(a,b)ofSingle-MoleculeandNanoscaleApproachestoBiologicalSignaling Figures3,7(a-e),8(a-l),18(a,b),19(a,b),20(a-d),29(a-i),32(a,h),36(a-o)ofDirectedAssemblyof Nanostructures Figures5(a-g),12(a-c),13(a-c),14(a-c),16(a-d),19,20,21(a,b)and22ofBio-MediatedAssemblyofOrdered NanoparticleSuperstructures Figures7,12and13(leftandmiddle)ofChiralMoleculesonSurfaces Figure15aofTribologyofNanostructuredSurfaces Figure17(a,b)ofFunctionalizationandSolubilizationofCarbonandInorganicNanostructures Figure8(a,b)ofSub-MicrometerPatterningUsingSoftLithography Figures10(b),12(a,b),13,16(a-e)and17(a,b)ofPicoliterPrinting Figure17ofColloidalSemiconductorNanocrystal-EnabledOrganic/InorganicHybridLightEmitting Devices Figure6(b)ofMolecularMachinesandMotors Figure32(b)ofSpin-BasedDataStorage Figure17(a,b)ofRare-EarthDopedUpconversionNanophosphors http://www.nature.com/nature i ii PermissionAcknowledgments ThefollowingmaterialisreproducedwithkindpermissionofAmericanAssociationforthe AdvancementofScience Figure1ofQuantumDots:SynthesisandCharacterization Figure9ofCore–ShellNanocrystals Figure13ofInorganicNanotubesbeyondCylindricalMatter Figure3(l),4and10(a-c)ofAssemblyofNanoparticles Figures7(a-f)ofPeriodicMesoporousMaterials:HolesFilledwithOpportunities Figures7(a)and12(a-c)ofSelf-AssemblyofNanoparticleBuildingBlocks Figure3ofPhotonicNanoparticlesforCellularandTissularLabeling Figure33(a-e)ofDirectedAssemblyofNanostructures Figure10(a-e)ofBio-MediatedAssemblyofOrderedNanoparticleSuperstructures Figures5and15(b)ofTribologyofNanostructuredSurfaces Figure6(a,b)ofPicoliterPrinting Figure19ofColloidalSemiconductorNanocrystal-EnabledOrganic/InorganicHybridLightEmitting Devices Figures35(a-d),36(a-e)andTable2ofSpin-BasedDataStorage http://www.sciencemag.org ThefollowingmaterialisreproducedwithkindpermissionofTaylor&FrancisLtd Figure9ofMesogensandMesophases Figures21and22ofTribologyofNanostructuredSurfaces Figure3(a,b)ofFunctionalizationandSolubilizationofCarbonandInorganicNanostructures Figure22ofOrganicElectronicDeviceswithWater-DispersibleConductingPolymers http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals ThefollowingmaterialisreproducedwithkindpermissionofOxfordUniversityPress Figures4and19ofMagneticNanoparticles Table1ofDirectedAssemblyofNanostructures http://www.oup.com/ 5.01 Porous Metal–Organic Frameworks QFang,JSculley,andH-CJZhou,TexasA&MUniversity,CollegeStation,TX,USA GZhu,JilinUniversity,Changchun,P.R.China ª2011ElsevierB.V.Allrightsreserved. 5.01.1 Introduction 1 5.01.2 InorganicSBUsandOrganicLinkers 2 5.01.3 ArchitectureoftheNetworks 2 5.01.4 PorousStructures 3 5.01.4.1 0DCage 3 5.01.4.2 1DChannels 3 5.01.4.3 2DLayers 4 5.01.4.4 3DChannels 5 5.01.5 SynthesisofMOFs 5 5.01.5.1 InfluencingFactors 5 5.01.5.2 Solvent-EvaporationSynthesis 5 5.01.5.3 DiffusionSynthesis 5 5.01.5.4 Hydrothermal(orSolvothermal)Synthesis 6 5.01.5.5 Microwave-ReactionSynthesis 6 5.01.5.6 IonothermalSynthesis 6 5.01.5.7 ElectrochemicalSynthesis 6 5.01.5.8 High-ThroughputSynthesis 6 5.01.6 FunctionsofMOFs 7 5.01.6.1 GasStorage 7 5.01.6.1.1 HydrogenStorage 7 5.01.6.1.2 MethaneStorage 8 5.01.6.1.3 CarbonDioxideStorage 8 5.01.6.2 SelectiveGasAdsorptionsandSeparations 10 5.01.6.3 Catalysis 11 5.01.6.4 Magnetism 13 5.01.6.5 Optics 13 5.01.6.6 Sensor 14 5.01.6.7 DrugDelivery 15 5.01.7 SummaryandOutlook 15 References 16 5.01.1 Introduction between the two previously mentioned classes of porous materials [6–26]. MOFs are built up of Porousmaterials,eithernaturalorartificial,havelong metalionsormetalionclustersconnectedtoorganic attractedtheattentionofchemists,physicists,andmate- ligands possessing multidentate groups by strong rials scientists, much of this interest owing to the ionocovalent or dative bonds. There are examples potentialpropertiesoflargepores.Basedontheircom- of MOFs containing metals ranging from alkaline position,theseporousmaterialscanbeclassifiedastwo earthtotransitiontop-blockmetalsandlanthanides. types:inorganicandcarbon-basedmaterials[1–5]. MOFs attracted a great deal of attention in the Recently,anew class ofporousmaterials,metal– 1990s,asisapparentfromtheremarkableincreasein organic frameworks (MOFs, also referred to as por- the number of papers published in this area during ous coordination polymers (PCPs)), has undergone this time. The attention stems from the synthesis of rapid development and begun to bridge the gap MOFs, which can exhibit completely regular large 1
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