Comprehensive Diagnostic Approach to Bladder. Cancer Molecular Imaging and Biomarkers

232 Pages·2021·5.136 MB·English

by  Marc A. Bjurlin, Richard S. Matulewicz

Comprehensive
Diagnostic Approach
to Bladder Cancer
Molecular Imaging and
Biomarkers
Marc A. Bjurlin
Richard S. Matulewicz
Editors
123
Comprehensive Diagnostic Approach to Bladder
Cancer
Marc A. Bjurlin • Richard S. Matulewicz
Editors
Comprehensive Diagnostic
Approach to Bladder Cancer
Molecular Imaging and Biomarkers
Editors
Marc A. Bjurlin Richard S. Matulewicz
Department of Urology Urology Service, Department of Surgery
Lineberger Comprehensive Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
Cancer Center & New York, NY
University of North Carolina USA
Chapel Hill, NC
USA
ISBN 978-3-030-82047-3 ISBN 978-3-030-82048-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82048-0
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Foreword
Over the past several years, tremendous advances have occurred in the manage-
ment of patients with bladder cancer based on an improved understanding of the
underlying biology of the disease. The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network’s
comprehensive molecular characterization of bladder cancer has provided impor-
tant insights into the genetic and epigenetic alterations present in urothelial car-
cinomas. During this same time, major developments in the treatment of patients
with bladder cancer have occurred with the incorporation of immune checkpoint
inhibitors, antibody drug conjugates, and targeted therapeutics across clinical
disease states—including noninvasive, muscle-invasive, and metastatic dis-
ease—leading to significant improvements in patient outcomes. Although these
advances have been transformative, many more questions than answers remain.
In spite of a new understanding of recurrent mutations, copy number alterations,
molecular subtypes, the immune microenvironment, and other facets of bladder
cancer biology, there is a desperate need to develop and validate biomarkers to
select patients for treatment and to better understand their prognosis. Furthermore,
next generation imaging has led to paradigm shifts in the diagnosis and manage-
ment of many malignancies; however, in bladder cancer, conventional imaging
studies are still routinely used for diagnosis and management. Ongoing work in
bladder cancer is exploring new imaging techniques such as molecular imaging
for advanced disease and optical techniques and enhanced cystoscopy for local-
ized disease.
It is clear that in order to advance the field of bladder cancer, the focus must be
on the development of tissue and liquid-based biomarkers and new imaging modal-
ities to ensure that we deliver the right treatment to the right patient at the right
time. Although the research reviewed in Comprehensive Diagnostic Approach to
Bladder Cancer: Molecular Imaging and Biomarkers is a testament to the remark-
able progress in the field, the momentum in biomarker and imaging-based research
v
vi Foreword
must continue with a goal toward the integration of novel biomarkers and imaging
modalities into the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with blad-
der cancer.
Matthew I. Milowsky
George Gabriel and Frances Gable Villere Distinguished Professor,
Vice Chief for Research and Education, Section Chief, Genitourinary Oncology,
Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, UNC School of Medicine,
Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Co-Director, Urologic Oncology Program,
UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center,
Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Contents
1 Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer: Trends and Disparities . . . . . . . . . 1
Carissa Chu and Sima Porten
2 Environmental and Genetic Factors Contributing to Bladder
Carcinogenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Shawn Dason and Nathan C. Wong
3 Strategies for Bladder Cancer Screening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Lauren Folgosa Cooley and Joshua J. Meeks
4 Staging of Bladder Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Rathika R. Ramkumar and Samuel C. Haywood
5 Conventional and Investigational Imaging Modalities . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Ersan Altun
6 Evaluation of Hematuria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Ashley N. Gonzalez and Richard S. Matulewicz
7 Molecular Imaging Modalities: Applications of Current
and Novel Radiotracers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Chelsea K. Osterman and Tracy L. Rose
8 Optical Techniques for Bladder Cancer Detection: The Role of
Cystoscopy and Enhanced Cystoscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Keiko Cooley, Vignesh T. Packiam, and Ryan P. Werntz
9 Urine Cytology in the Clinical Management of
Bladder Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Andrew T. Gabrielson, Christopher J. VandenBussche, and
Max R. Kates
vii
viii Contents
10 Urinary Biomarkers: Current Status and
Future Opportunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Ibardo A. Zambrano, Alysen Demzik, and Marc A. Bjurlin
11 Bladder Cancer Genomics: Indications for Sequencing and
Diagnostic Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Andrew T. Lenis and Eugene J. Pietzak
12 Novel and Investigational Diagnostics: Liquid
Biopsy and Beyond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Filipe L. F. Carvalho and Keyan Salari
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Contributors
Ersan  Altun Abdominal Imaging Division, Department of Radiology, The
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Marc A. Bjurlin Department of Urology, University of North Carolina, Chapel
Hill, NC, USA
Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel
Hill, NC, USA
Filipe L. F. Carvalho Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital,
Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Cancer Program, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
Carissa Chu Department of Surgery, Urology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering
Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
Keiko Cooley Prisma Health and University of South Carolina School of Medicine-
Greenville, Greenville, SC, USA
Lauren  Folgosa  Cooley Department of Urology, Northwestern University,
Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
Shawn  Dason Department of Urology, The Ohio State University,
Columbus, OH, USA
Alysen Demzik Department of Urology, University of North Carolina School of
Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Andrew T. Gabrielson The James Buchannan Brady Urological Institute, The
Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
Ashley N. Gonzalez NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
Samuel C. Haywood Center for Urologic Oncology, Glickman Urologic and
Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
ix
x Contributors
Max R. Kates The James Buchannan Brady Urological Institute, The Johns
Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
Andrew T. Lenis Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan
Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
Richard S. Matulewicz Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan
Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
Joshua J. Meeks Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Feinberg
School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
Robert H.  Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University,
Chicago, IL, USA
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University,
Chicago, IL, USA
Chelsea K. Osterman Division of Medical Oncology, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Vignesh T. Packiam University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
Eugene J. Pietzak Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan
Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
Sima Porten Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San
Francisco, CA, USA
Rathika R. Ramkumar Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland
Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
Tracy L. Rose Division of Medical Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer
Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Keyan Salari Department of Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard
Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Cancer Program, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
Christopher  J.  VandenBussche Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins
Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
Ryan P. Werntz Prisma Health and University of South Carolina School of
Medicine-Greenville, Greenville, SC, USA
Nathan  C.  Wong Department of Urology, New York Medical College,
Valhalla, NY, USA
Ibardo A. Zambrano Department of Urology, University of North Carolina,
Chapel Hill, NC, USA