Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 48: Passive Sampling Techniques in Environmental Monitoring PDF
Preview Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 48: Passive Sampling Techniques in Environmental Monitoring
CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 48 Roc´ıo Aguilar-Mart´ınez Department of Analytical Chemistry, University Complutense of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain Ian Allan SchoolofBiologicalSciences,UniversityofPortsmouth,KingHenryI Street, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, UK David A. Alvarez US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, 4200 New Haven Road, Columbia, MO 65201, USA Damia Barcelo´ Department of Environmental Chemistry, IIQAB-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain Michael E. Bartkow National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (ENTOX), University of Queensland, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia Per-Anders Bergqvist Environmental Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Umea˚ University, SE-901 87 Umea˚, Sweden Kees Booij Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Texel, The Netherlands Stephanie Bopp European Commission – DG Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, T.P. 300, via E. Fermi 1, 21020 Ispra, Italy Yong Chen Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont., Canada N2L 3G1 William Davison Environmental Science Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK Jacqueline Gehrhardt Department of Cell Toxicology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environ- mental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany Dominic T. Getting Environment Agency, Frimley, Camberley, Surrey GU16 7SQ, UK vii Contributors to volume 48 Rosalinda Gioia Department of Environmental Science and Centre for Chemicals Management, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK Jon P. Goddard Environment Agency, Frimley, Camberley, Surrey GU16 7SQ, UK Todd Gouin University of Toronto at Scarborough, Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada, M1C 1A4 Peter Grathwohl Center of Applied Geoscience, University of Tu¨bingen, Sigwartstr. 10, 72076 Tu¨bingen, Germany Anthony Gravell Environment Agency National Laboratory Service, Furnace, Llanelli, Carms SA15 4EL, UK Richard Greenwood SchoolofBiologicalSciences,UniversityofPortsmouth,KingHenryI Street, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, UK Tom Harner Science & Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ont., Canada M3H 5T4 James N. Huckins USGS Columbia Environmental Research Center (CERC), 4200 New Haven Road, Columbia, MO 65201, USA Kevin C. Jones Department of Environmental Science and Centre for Chemicals Management, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK Tammy Jones-Lepp US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Devel- opment, 944 E. Harmon, Las Vegas, NV 89119, USA Graham A. Mills School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Port- smouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK Gregory Morrison Water Environment Transport, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden Jochen F. Mu¨ller National Research Center for Environmental Toxicology, University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Rd, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia viii Contributors to volume 48 Jacek Namie´snik Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdan´sk Uni- versityofTechnology,11/12NarutowiczaStr,80-952Gdan´sk,Poland Carl E. Orazio U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Centre (CERC), 4200 New Haven Rd., Columbia, MO 65201, USA Gangfeng Ouyang School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen Uni- versity, Guangzhou 510275, China Albrecht Paschke Department of Ecological Chemistry, UFZ – Helmholtz Centre for EnvironmentalResearchLeipzing-Halle,Permoserstrasse15,04318 Leipzig,Germany Heidrun Paschke Department of Groundwater Remediation, UFZ – Helmholtz Centre forEnvironmentalResearchLeipzig-Halle,Permoserstrasse15,04318 Leipzig, Germany Janusz Pawliszyn Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont., Canada N2L 3G1 Jimmie D. Petty US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, 4200 New Haven Road, Columbia, MO 65201, USA Peter Popp Department of Analytical Chemistry, UFZ – Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany Philippe Quevauviller European Commission, DG Environment, Brussels Kristin Schirmer Department of Cell Toxicology, UFZ – Helmholtz Centre for Environ- mental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany Gerrit Schu¨u¨rmann Department of Ecological Chemistry, UFZ – Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig-Halle, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany Foppe Smedes Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, Na- tional Institute for Coastal and Marine Management/RIKZ, P.O. Box 207, 9750 AE Haren, The Netherlands ix Contributors to volume 48 B. Scott Stephens Greenhouse and Agriculture Team, Australian Greenhouse Office, Department of Environment and Heritage, GPO Box 787, Canberra 2601 Act, Australia Frank Stuer-Lauridsen DH Water & Environment I, Agern Alle´ 5, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark Anna-Lena Sunesson Department of Work and the Physical Environment, National Insti- tute for Working Life, P.O. Box 7654, SE-907 13 Umea˚, Sweden (old address) County Council of Va¨ster botten, 901.89 Umea˚, Sweden (present address) Branislav Vrana SchoolofBiologicalSciences,UniversityofPortsmouth,KingHenryI Street, PO1 2DY Portsmouth, UK Don A. Vroblesky U.S. Geological Survey, 720 Gracern Road, Suite 129, Columbia, SC, USA Kent W. Warnken Environmental Science Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK Hansjo¨rg WeiX imw—Innovative Measurement Techniques Dr. Weiss, Wilhelmstr. 107, 72074 Tu¨bingen, Germany Luise Wennrich Leibniz-Institute of Surface Modification, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany Bo˙zena Zabiegała Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdan´sk Uni- versityofTechnology,11/12NarutowiczaStr,80-952Gdan´sk,Poland Audrone Zaliauskiene ExposMeter AB, Nygatan 15, SE-702 11 O¨rebro, Sweden Hao Zhang Environmental Science Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK x WILSON AND WILSON’S COMPREHENSIVE ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY VOLUMES IN THE SERIES Vol.1A AnalyticalProcesses GasAnalysis InorganicQualitativeAnalysis OrganicQualitativeAnalysis InorganicGravimetricAnalysis Vol.1B InorganicTitrimetricAnalysis OrganicQuantitativeAnalysis Vol.1C AnalyticalChemistryoftheElements Vol.2A ElectrochemicalAnalysis Electrodeposition PotentiometricTitrations ConductometricTitrations High-FrequencyTitrations Vol.2B LiquidChromatographyinColumns GasChromatography IonExchangers Distillation Vol.2C PaperandThinLayerChromatography RadiochemicalMethods NuclearMagneticResonanceandElectronSpinResonanceMethods X-RaySpectrometry Vol.2D CoulometricAnalysis Vol.3 ElementalAnalysiswithMinuteSample StandardsandStandardization SeparationbyLiquidAmalgams VacuumFusionAnalysisofGasesinMetals ElectroanalysisinMoltenSalts Vol.4 InstrumentationforSpectroscopy AtomicAbsorptionandFluorescenceSpectroscopy DiffuseReflectaneSpectroscopy Vol.5 EmissionSpectroscopy AnalyticalMicrowaveSpectroscopy AnalyticalApplicationsofElectronMicroscopy Vol.6 AnalyticalInfraredSpectroscopy Vol.7 ThermalMethodsinAnalyticalChemistry SubstoichiometricAnalyticalMethods Vol.8 EnzymeElectrodesinAnalyticalChemistry MolecularFluorescenceSpectroscopy PhotometricTitrations AnalyticalApplicationsofInterferometry xi Volumes in the series Vol.9 UltravioletPhotoelectronandPhotoionSpectroscopy AugerElectronSpectroscopy PlasmaExcitationinSpectrochemicalAnalysis Vol.10 OrganicSpotTestsAnalysis TheHistoryofAnalyticalChemistry Vol.11 TheApplicationofMathematicalStatisticsinAnalyticalChemistryMass SpectrometryIonSelectiveElectrodes Vol.12 ThermalAnalysis PartA.SimultaneousThermoanalyticalExaminationbyMeansofthe Derivatograph PartB.BiochemicalandClinicalApplicationofThermometricandThermal Analysis PartC.EmanationThermalAnalysisandotherRadiometricEmanation Methods PartD.ThermophysicalPropertiesofSolids PartE.PulseMethodofMeasuringThermophysicalParameters Vol.13 AnalysisofComplexHydrocarbons PartA.SeparationMethods PartB.GroupAnalysisandDetailedAnalysis Vol.14 Ion-ExchangersinAnalyticalChemistry Vol.15 MethodsofOrganicAnalysis Vol.16 ChemicalMicroscopy ThermomicroscopyofOrganicCompounds Vol.17 GasandLiquidAnalysers Vol.18 KineticMethodsinChemicalAnalysisApplicationofComputersinAnalytical Chemistry Vol.19 AnalyticalVisibleandUltravioletSpectrometry Vol.20 PhotometricMethodsinInorganicTraceAnalysis Vol.21 NewDevelopmentsinConductometricandOscillometricAnalysis Vol.22 TitrimetricAnalysisinOrganicSolvents Vol.23 AnalyticalandBiomedicalApplicationsofIon-SelectiveField-EffectTransistors Vol.24 EnergyDispersiveX-RayFluorescenceAnalysis Vol.25 PreconcentrationofTraceElements Vol.26 RadionuclideX-RayFluorecenceAnalysis Vol.27 Voltammetry Vol.28 AnalysisofSubstancesintheGaseousPhase Vol.29 ChemiluminescenceImmunoassay Vol.30 SpectrochemicalTraceAnalysisforMetalsandMetalloids Vol.31 SurfactantsinAnalyticalChemistry Vol.32 EnvironmentalAnalyticalChemistry Vol.33 ElementalSpeciation–NewApproachesforTraceElementAnalysis Vol.34 DiscreteSampleIntroductionTechniquesforInductivelyCoupledPlasmaMass Spectrometry Vol.35 ModernFourierTransformInfraredSpectroscopy Vol.36 ChemicalTestMethodsofAnalysis Vol.37 SamplingandSamplePreparationforFieldandLaboratory Vol.38 CountercurrentChromatography:TheSupport-FreeLiquidStationaryPhase xii Volumes in the series Vol.39 IntegratedAnalyticalSystems Vol.40 AnalysisandFateofSurfactantsintheAquaticEnvironment Vol.41 SamplePreparationforTraceElementAnalysis Vol.42 Non-destructiveMicroanalysisofCulturalHeritageMaterials Vol.43 Chromatographic-massspectrometricfoodanalysisfortracedeterminationof pesticideresidues Vol.44 BiosensorsandModernBiospecificAnalyticalTechniques Vol.45 AnalysisandDetectionbyCapillaryElectrophoresis Vol.46 ProteomicsandPeptidomics NewTechnologyPlatformsElucidatingBiology Vol.47 ModernInstrumentalAnalysis xiii Contents Contributors to Volume 48. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Volumes in the Series. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv Series Editor’s Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxix Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxi Part I: Air Chapter 1. Theory of solid phase microextraction and its application in passive sampling Yong Chen and Janusz Pawliszyn 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2 Calibration in solid phase microextraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.2.1 Equilibrium extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.2.2 Exhaustive extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.2.3 Pre-equilibrium extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.2.4 Calibration based on first-order reaction rate constant 10 1.2.5 Calibration based on diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Chapter 2. The use of different designs of passive samplers for air monitoring of persistent organic pollutants Rosalinda Gioia, Kevin C. Jones and Tom Harner 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2.2 The context: why develop passive air sampling techniques for POPS? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 2.3 What approaches can be used? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.4 The choice of sampler designs: features, advantages and potential problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 2.4.1 Low-capacity sampling: polymer-coated glass . . . . . . . 42 2.4.2 Medium-capacity sampling devices: polyurethane foam disks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 2.4.3 High-capacity sampling devices: semipermeable membrane devices and XAD-2 resin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 xv Contents 2.5 Case studies and applications of PAS for POPS. . . . . . . . . . . 46 2.5.1 POGs: case studies and applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 2.5.2 SPMDs: case studies and applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 2.5.3 PUF disks: case studies and applications . . . . . . . . . . 49 2.5.4 XAD-2 resin: case studies and applications. . . . . . . . . 51 2.6 Future improvements and needs for PAS for POPS . . . . . . . 52 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Chapter 3. Passive sampling in combination with thermal desorption andgaschromatographyasatoolforassessmentofchemical exposure Anna-Lena Sunesson 3.1 The applicability of passive sampling for chemical exposure assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3.2 Passive sampling, basic theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 3.3 Sampling rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 3.4 Standards for evaluation of passive samplers . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 3.5 Sampler designs for passive sampling–thermal desorption analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 3.6 Thermal desorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 3.7 Adsorbents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 3.8 Analytical equipment for thermal desorption . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 3.9 Applications using passive sampling–thermal desorption–gas chromatography for exposure assessment; examples and trends. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 3.10 Possible limitations/sources of error when using passive sampling–thermal desorption–gas chromatography . . . . . . . . 72 3.11 Self-assessment of exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 3.12 Practical considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 3.12.1 Selecting a suitable adsorbent for the analytes of interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 3.12.2 Minimising artefacts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 3.12.3 Blank samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 3.12.4 Personal (individual) exposure assessment . . . . . . . . 78 3.13 Concluding remarks and future perspectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Chapter 4. Use of permeation passive samplers in air monitoring Boz˙ena Zabiegała and Jacek Namie´snik 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 4.2 Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 4.2.1 Membrane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 xvi
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